First Generation  

1. Duke William de Normandie I "Longsword" [18626] was born c893 and died on 17 Dec 942 at age 49.

General Notes: Died Dec. 17, 942, Picardy [France]

Also called William Longsword, French Guillaume Longue-épéeson of Rollo and second duke of Normandy (927–942). He sought continually to expand his territories either by conquest or by exacting new lands from the French king for the price of homage. In 939 he allied himself with Hugh the Great in the revolt against King Louis IV; through the mediation of the pope, the war ended, and Louis renewed William's investiture of Normandy (940). William, however, continued his territorial ambitions, especially northward. Drawn to a conference on an island in the Somme River, he was assassinated on the orders of the count of Flanders, Arnulf I.

William married Espriota Unknown [19065] [MRIN: 6389].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 2 M    i. Duke Richard de Normandie I "The Fearless" [18625] was born c932 and died in 996 at age 64.

  Second Generation  

2. Duke Richard de Normandie I "The Fearless" [18625] was born c932 and died in 996 at age 64.

General Notes: Born c. 932
Died 996

Richard The Fearless, French Richard Sans Peurduke of Normandy (942–996), son of William I Longsword.

Louis IV of France took the boy-duke into his protective custody, apparently intent upon reuniting Normandy to the crown's domains; but in 945 Louis was captured by the Normans, and Richard was returned to his people. Richard withstood further Carolingian attempts to subdue his duchy and, in 987, was instrumental in securing the French crown for his brother-in-law, the Robertian Hugh Capet.

Richard married Gunnora of Denmark [19066] [MRIN: 6388], daughter of King of Denmark Harald Bluetooth [19067] and Gunhilda of Sweden [19068]. Gunnora died in 1031.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 3 M    i. Duke Richard "the Good" de Normandie II [18126] was born c963 in Normandie, France and died on 28 Aug 1027 in Normandie, France at age 64.

  Third Generation  

3. Duke Richard "the Good" de Normandie II [18126] was born c963 in Normandie, France and died on 28 Aug 1027 in Normandie, France at age 64.

General Notes: Richard The Good, French Richard Le Bonduke of Normandy (c963–1027), son of Richard I the Fearless. He held his own against a peasant insurrection, helped Robert II of France against the duchy of Burgundy, and repelled an English attack on the Cotentin Peninsula that was led by the Anglo-Saxon King Ethelred II the Unready. He also pursued a reform of the Norman monasteries.

Richard married Judith de Bretagne [18127] [MRIN: 6125], daughter of Robert II Brittany [18129] and Unknown, about 999 in Normandie, France. Judith was born in 982 in Bretagne, France and died on 16 Jun 1017 in Normandie, France at age 35.

Children from this marriage were:

   4 M    i. Archbishop Mauger de Normandie [18137] .

Noted events in his life were:

• Title: Archbishop of Rouen

   5 M    ii. Duke Richard de Normandie III [18132] was born about 1001 in Normandie, France and died on 6 Aug 1028 about age 27.

+ 6 M    iii. Duke Robert de Normandie I "The Magnificent" [18124] was born c1003 in Normandie, France, died on 22 Jul 1035 in Nicea, Bithynia, Turkey at age 32, and was buried in Nicea, Bithynia, Turkey.

   7 M    iv. Count William (Guillaume) de Normandie [18138] was born in 1005 in Normandie, France and died in Jun 1025 at age 20.

Noted events in his life were:

• Title: Count of Arques

   8 F    v. Alice (Adelais) de Normandie [18133] was born about 1007 in Normandie, France and died after Jul 1037 in France.

Alice married Count Renaud of Burgundy [18134] [MRIN: 6130].

   9 F    vi. Eleanor de Normandie [18135] was born about 1009 in Normandie, France and died in 1071 about age 62.

Eleanor married Count Baldwin of Flanders IV [18136] [MRIN: 6131].

Richard next married Adela Unknown [18128] [MRIN: 6126].

Richard next married Astrid Forkbeard [18130] [MRIN: 6128], daughter of Swein Forkbeard [18131] and Unknown.

  Fourth Generation  

6. Duke Robert de Normandie I "The Magnificent" [18124] was born c1003 in Normandie, France, died on 22 Jul 1035 in Nicea, Bithynia, Turkey at age 32, and was buried in Nicea, Bithynia, Turkey.

General Notes: died July 1035, Nicaea

Robert The Magnificent, or The Devil, French Robert Le Magnifique, or Le Diable duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1027), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter's opportune death a few years later. A strong ruler, Robert succeeded in exacting the obedience of his vassals. On the death of Robert II the Pious, king of France (1031), a crisis arose over the succession to the French throne. The Duke gave his support to Henry I against the party favouring his younger brother; in reward for his services he demanded and received the Vexin Français, a territory not far north of Paris. A patron of the monastic reform movement, he died while returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Robert married Herleva de Falaise [18125] [MRIN: 6124]. Herleva was born about 1003 in Falaise, Normandie, France and died c1050 about age 47.

Children from this marriage were:

   10 F    i. Adbelahide de Normandie [19135] was born about 1027 in Normandie, France and died before 1090.

+ 11 M    ii. King William de Normandie I "the Conqueror" [18092] was born in Oct 1028 in Falaise, was christened in 1066, died on 9 Sep 1087 in St. Gervais, Rouen at age 58, and was buried in Abbey of St. Stephen, Caen, Normandie, France.

  Fifth Generation  

11. King William de Normandie I "the Conqueror" [18092] was born in Oct 1028 in Falaise, was christened in 1066, died on 9 Sep 1087 in St. Gervais, Rouen at age 58, and was buried in Abbey of St. Stephen, Caen, Normandie, France.

General Notes: On September 9, 1087, William I was injured when a horse bolted as a burning roof collapsed in Mantes within sight of Paris. William's protruding stomach struck the pommel of the saddle and he died in intense agony several days later in Roen, France.

William The Conqueror, or William the Bastard as he was known in his day, though out of his hearing, was the illegitimate son of of Robert I, Duke of Normandy. The Normans were Vikings who had settled in northern France and had taken on the lifestyle of the French aristocracy without losing that passion for conquest. William was descended from RAGNALD, the ancestor of the Earls of Orkney.

While in Normandy, William believed the throne of England had been promised to him by EDWARD THE CONFESSOR as far back as 1051. Although historians have found nothing of a record of Edward's promise, William held to its provision.

When Edward died in 1066, Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, assumed the throne and was crowned king. William saw him as a usurper and prepared for warfare by building alliances. During the decade of the 1050's William worked at this consolidation and found himself in a number of skirmishes in defense of Normady against Henri I of France, giving him and his army battle experience.

William acquired territories, namely; Maine in 1062, Anjou, and Brittany. He prepared for the invasion of England in September 1066 and the campaign lasted until the 25th of December 1066 when he was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. His dominion was primarily in the south covering the old kingdoms of Wessex, Kent, Sussex and Essex. Within a year William began a slow campaign of territorial acquisition and this continued until 1068 when he brought his wife, Matilda to England to be crowned queen.

Within the process of this campaign, William had caused to be built 78 castles, the most famous being the Tower of London.

The King of Denmark and Edgar of Atheling joined forces and decided to recapture England, and they did manage to capture York in September of 1069. This angered William and he abandoned his previous campaign of slow calculated military movement and marched north, this time destroying everything in his path. In 1070 the Danish retreated, made a brief second attempt then abandoned the Isles.

To pay for his considerable army, William had to raise taxes. To determine how to levy this tax he ordered a survey conducted, now known as the Domesday Book.

In July 1087, while beseiging the town of Mantes, his horse jumped over a ditch and William received an injury from the pommel of the saddle which ripped his stomach. The wound caused peritonitis. William lingered for five weeks and died in September.

His body was returned to Caen for burial but the tomb was not large enough for his considerable girth. Finally the attendants attempted to force the body into the tomb, the already decaying and swollen body burst open letting out an intense smell of putrefaction that caused most to flee the site. Only a hardy few completed the burial.

Noted events in his life were:

• Life Summation: WILLIAM I "THE CONQUEROR".
Also called "THE BASTARD".
King of England, late November/early December 1066-9 September 1087.

Crowned: Westminster Abbey, 25 December 1066.
Titles: King of England, Duke of Normandy and County of Maine.

Born: Falaise, Normandy, Autumn 1028.
Died: St. Gervais, Rouen, 9 September 1087, age 59.
Buried: Abbey of St. Stephen, Caen.

Married: c1053, Matilda, daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders, 10 children.

William married Countess of Flanders Matilda van Vlaanderen [18093] [MRIN: 6108], daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders Vlaanderen [18112] and Unknown, in 1053 in Notre Dame Cathedral d'eu. Matilda was born about 1031 in Flanders (Belgium), died on 2 Nov 1083 in Caen, Normandie, France about age 52, and was buried in Eglise de la Sainte Trinitbe, Caen, Normandie, France.

General Notes: Died 1083

French Mathilde, or Mahault, De Flandre queen consort of William I the Conqueror, whom she married c. 1053. During William's absences in England, the duchy of Normandy was under her regency, with the aid of their son, Robert Curthose (see Robert II [Normandy]), except when he was in rebellion against his father. The embroidery of the Bayeux tapestry was once wrongly attributed to her.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 12 M    i. Duke Robert de Normandie II [18113] was born circa 1052 in Normandy, France, died on 10 Feb 1134 in Cardiff Castle, Wales at age 82, and was buried in St. Peters Church, Gloucester, England.

   13 M    ii. Prince of England Richard de Normandie [18114] was born in 1054 in Normandy, France and died in 1081 in New Forest, Hampshire, England at age 27.

   14 F    iii. Princess of England Cecilia Normandie [18119] was born about 1055 in Normandy, France and died on 30 Jul 1126 in Caen, Calavados, France about age 71.

Noted events in her life were:

• Profession: Nun.

   15 M    iv. King of England William de Normandie II "Rufus" [18115] was born c1056 in Normandy, France and died on 1 Aug 1100 in New Forest, England at age 44.

General Notes: William II Rufus (1087–1100)

Under William I's two sons William II Rufus and Henry I, strong, centralized government continued, and England's link with Normandy was strengthened. Rebellion by Norman barons, led by the king's half uncles, Odo of Bayeux and Robert of Mortain, was soon put down by William II, who made promises of good government and relief from taxation and the severity of the forest laws. Odo of Bayeux was banished, and William of St. Calais, bishop of Durham, tried for treason. As an ecclesiastic he rejected the jurisdiction of the king's court. But Lanfranc pointed out that it was not as a churchman but as lord of his temporal fiefs that he was being tried. He was finally allowed to leave the country, in return for surrender of his fiefs.

William II's main preoccupation was to win Normandy from his elder brother Robert. After some initial skirmishing, William's plans were furthered by Robert's decision to go on crusade in 1096. Robert mortgaged his lands to William for 10,000 marks, which was raised in England by drastic and unpopular means. In his last years William campaigned successfully in Maine and the French Vexin so as to extend the borders of Normandy. His death was the result of an “accident” possibly engineered by his younger brother Henry: he was shot with an arrow in the New Forest. Henry, who was conveniently with the hunting party, rode post haste to Winchester, seized the treasury, and was chosen king the next day.

WILLIAM II "Rufus", King of England, 9 September 1087 to 2 August 1100. Crowned at Westminster 26 September 1087.

Born: Normandy c 1057
Died: New Forest 2 August 1100, age 43.
Buried: Winchester Cathedral.

   16 F    v. Adeliza Normandie [18120] was born about 1057 in Normandie, France and died in 1065 about age 8.

Noted events in her life were:

• Profession: Nun

   17 F    vi. Princess of England Constance de Normandie [18121] was born about 1061 in Normandy, France, died on 13 Aug 1090 in England about age 29, and was buried in St. Edmondsbury, Suffolk, England.

Constance married Alain IV of Brittany [18122] [MRIN: 6123].

   18 F    vii. Princess of England Adela Normandie [18116] was born c1062 in Normandie, France, died on 8 Mar 1135 in Marsilly, Aquitaine at age 73, and was buried in Caen, Normandie, France.

Adela married Count Stephen Blois [18117] [MRIN: 6121].

   19 F    viii. Princess of Normandie Gundred de Normandie [19134] was born in 1063 in Normandie, France and died on 27 May 1085 at age 22.

   20 F    ix. Agatha Normandie [18123] was born about 1064 in Normandy, France, died before 1086 in Calavados, France, and was buried in Bayeux, Calavados, France.

+ 21 M    x. King Henry "Beauclerc" I [18090] was born in Sep 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England, was christened on 5 Aug 1100 in Selby, Yorkshire, died on 11 Dec 1135 in Gisors, St. Denis, France at age 67, and was buried on 4 Jan 1136 in Reading Abbey, Berkshire, England.

  Sixth Generation  

12. Duke Robert de Normandie II [18113] was born circa 1052 in Normandy, France, died on 10 Feb 1134 in Cardiff Castle, Wales at age 82, and was buried in St. Peters Church, Gloucester, England.

General Notes: Born c. 1052
Died February 1134, Cardiff, Wales

Name:
Robert Curthose, French Robert Courteheuse duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99).

The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father's successor in Normandy. Nevertheless he twice rebelled against his father (1077/78 and c. 1082–83) and was in exile in Italy until he returned as duke on his father's death in 1087. He was totally unable to control his rebellious vassals or to establish a central authority in Normandy.

In 1091 Robert's younger brother, King William II of England, invaded Normandy and compelled Robert to yield two counties. William attacked again in 1094, and when a peace was made that gave him control of Normandy in return for money, Robert joined the First Crusade. He fought at Dorylaeum (1097) and was at the capture of Jerusalem (1099). His courageous leadership contributed to the victory at Ascalon (1099).

When Robert's youngest brother, Henry I, succeeded William as king of England (1100), Robert was in Italy. He hastened back to invade England, with ignominious results, and Henry in turn invaded Normandy (1105 and 1106). Captured in the Battle of Tinchebrai (Sept. 28, 1106), Robert spent the rest of his life as a prisoner, dying in Cardiff castle.

Robert married Sybillia Unknown [18118] [MRIN: 6122].

The child from this marriage was:

   22 M    i. Count of Flanders William Clito [19076] was born in 1101 and died in 1128 at age 27.

General Notes: Born c. 1101
Died July 28, 1128, Aalst, Flanders [now in Belgium]

Named:
French Guillaume Cliton count of Flanders and titular duke of Normandy (as William IV, or as William III if England's William Rufus' earlier claim to the duchy is not acknowledged).

Son of Duke Robert II Curthose (and grandson of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders), William Clito was supported by Louis VI of France in claiming the duchy when his father was imprisoned (1106) by the English. Henry I of England, however, had his own son William the Aetheling recognized as heir to Normandy and, in 1119, decisively defeated Louis VI and Clito at Bremule. When the Aetheling was drowned (1120), Clito made further trouble in Normandy but died in 1128.

21. King Henry "Beauclerc" I [18090] was born in Sep 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England, was christened on 5 Aug 1100 in Selby, Yorkshire, died on 11 Dec 1135 in Gisors, St. Denis, France at age 67, and was buried on 4 Jan 1136 in Reading Abbey, Berkshire, England.

General Notes: Born 1069, Selby, Yorkshire, Eng.
Died Dec. 1, 1135, Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy


Henry Beauclerc (Good Scholar), French Henri Beauclerc youngest and ablest of William I the Conqueror's sons, who as king of England (1100–35) strengthened the crown's executive powers and, like his father, also ruled Normandy (from 1106).

Henry was crowned at Westminster on August 5, 1100, three days after his brother, King William II, William the Conqueror's second son, had been killed in a hunting accident. Duke Robert Curthose, the eldest of three brothers, who by feudal custom had succeeded to his father's inheritance, Normandy, was returning from the First Crusade and could not assert his own claim to the English throne until the following year. The succession was precarious, however, because a number of wealthy Anglo-Norman barons supported Duke Robert and Henry moved quickly to gain all the backing he could. He issued an ingenious Charter of Liberties, which purported to end capricious taxes, confiscations of church revenues, and other abuses of his predecessor. By his marriage with Matilda, a Scottish princess of the old Anglo-Saxon royal line, he established the foundations for peaceable relations with the Scots and support from the English. He recalled St. Anselm, the scholarly archbishop of Canterbury whom his brother, William II, had banished.

When Robert Curthose finally invaded England in 1101, several of the greatest barons defected to him. But Henry, supported by a number of his barons, most of the Anglo-Saxons, and St. Anselm, worked out an amicable settlement with the invaders. Robert relinquished his claim to England, receiving in return Henry's own territories in Normandy and a large annuity.

Although a crusading hero, Robert was a self-indulgent, vacillating ruler who allowed Normandy to slip into chaos. Norman churchman who fled to England urged Henry to conquer and pacify the Duchy and thus provided moral grounds for Henry's ambition to reunify his father's realm at his brother's expense. Paving his way with bribes to Norman barons and agreements with neighboring princes, in 1106 Henry routed Robert's army at Tinchebrai in southwestern Normandy and captured Robert, holding him prisoner for life.

Between 1104 and 1106 Henry had been in the uncomfortable position of posing, in Normandy, as a champion of the church while fighting with his own archbishop of Canterbury. St. Anselm had returned from exile in 1100 dedicated to reforms of Pope Paschal II, which were designed to make the church independent of secular sovereigns. Following papal bans against lay lords investing churchmen with their lands and against churchmen rendering homage to Henry himself. Henry regarded bishopics and abbeys not only as spiritual offices but as great sources of wealth. Since, in many cases, they owed the crown military services, he was anxious to maintain the feudal bond between the bishops and the crown.

Ultimately, the issues of ecclesiastical homage and lay investiture forced Anselm into a second exile. After numerous letters and threats between King, Pope and archbishop, a compromise was concluded shortly before the Battle of Tinchebrai and was ratified in London in 1107. Henry relinquished his right to invest churchmen while Anselm submitted on the question of homage. With the London settlement and the English victory at Tinchebrai, the Anglo-Norman state was reunified and at peace.

In the following years, Henry married his daughter Matilda to Emperor Henry V of Germany and groomed his only legitimate son, William as successor. Henry's right to Normandy was challenged by William Clito, son of the captive Robert Curthouse, and Henry was obliged to repel two major assaults against eastern Normandy by William Clito's supporters: Louis VI of France, Count Fulk of Anjou, and the restless Norman barons who detested Henry's ubiquitous officials and high taxes. By 1120, however, the barons had submitted, Henry's son had married into the Angevin house, and Louis VI, defeated in battle, had concluded a definitive peace.

The settlement was shattered in November 1120 when Henry's son perished in a shipwreck of the "WHITE SHIP" destroying Henry's succession plans. After Queen Matilda's death in 1118, he married Adelaide of Louvain in 1121, but this union proved childless. On Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, Henry summoned the empress Matilda back to England and made his barons do homage to her as his heir. In 1128 Matilda married Geoffrey Plantagenet, heir to the county of Anjou and in 1133 she bore him her first son, the future King Henry II. When Henry I died at Lyons-la-Foret in eastern Normandy, his favorite nephew, Stephen of Blois, disregarding Matilda's right of succession, seized the English throne. Matilda's subsequent invasion of England unleashed a bitter civil war that ended with King Stephen's death and Henry II's unopposed accession in 1154.

Henry married Anstrida Anskill [18174] [MRIN: 6148].

Children from this marriage were:

   23 M    i. Richard of Lincoln [18175] was born c1100 and died in 1120 at age 20.

General Notes: Drowned in the "White Ship".

   24 M    ii. Fulk "Beauclerc" [18176] .

General Notes: A monk. Died young.

   25 F    iii. Juliana "Beauclerc" [18177] .

Juliana married Lord of Breteuil Eustace de Pacy [18178] [MRIN: 6149].

Henry next married Nester Rhys ap Tewdwr [18179] [MRIN: 6150].

The child from this marriage was:

   26 M    i. Henry Fitzhenry [18180] was born c1103 and died in 1157 at age 54.

General Notes: Killed during Henry II's invasion of Anglesey.

Henry next married Edith Sigulfson of Greystoke [18181] [MRIN: 6151].

The child from this marriage was:

   27 M    i. Baron of Okehampton Robert Fitzedith [18182] died in 1172.

Henry next married Isabel de Beaumont [18183] [MRIN: 6152].

Henry next married Edith Unknown [18184] [MRIN: 6153].

The child from this marriage was:

   28 F    i. Matilda "Beauclerc" [18185] was born circa 1090 and died in 1120 at age 30.

General Notes: Drowned in the "White Ship".

Matilda married Duke Conan III Brittany [18190] [MRIN: 6155].

Henry next married Unknown Mother [18186] [MRIN: 6154].

Children from this marriage were:

   29 M    i. Gilbert "Beauclerc" [18187] was born c1130 and died after 1142.

   30 M    ii. William de Tracy "Beauclerc" [18188] died c1136.

   31 F    iii. Matilda "Beauclerc" [18185] was born circa 1090 and died in 1120 at age 30.

General Notes: Drowned in the "White Ship".

Matilda married Duke Conan III Brittany [18190] [MRIN: 6155].

+ 32 F    iv. Constance "Beauclerc" [18191] .

   33 F    v. Eustacia "Beauclerc" [18195] .

   34 F    vi. Alice "Beauclerc" [18196] .

General Notes: Had five sons.

Alice married Matthew de Montmorenci Constable of France [18197] [MRIN: 6158].

   35 F    vii. Unknown "Beauclerc" [18198] .

Unknown married William de Warenne [18199] [MRIN: 6159].

Henry next married Unknown [18200] [MRIN: 6160].

Children from this marriage were:

   36 F    i. Joan "Beauclerc" [18201] .

General Notes: Ancestor to John Balliol.

Joan married Fergus of Galloway [18202] [MRIN: 6161].

   37 F    ii. Emma "Beauclerc" [18203] .

Emma married Guy de Laval [18204] [MRIN: 6162].

   38 F    iii. Sybilla "Beauclerc" [18170] was born c1092 and died in 1122 at age 30.

Sybilla married King Alexander I Scotland [18171] [MRIN: 6147].

Sybilla next married Baldwin de Boullers [18206] [MRIN: 6163].

Henry next married Sybilla Corbet [18094] [MRIN: 6109] about 1092. Sybilla was born about 1077 in Alcester, Warwick, England and died after 1156.

Children from this marriage were:

   39 M    i. Gundrada "Beauclerc" [18172] .

   40 F    ii. Rohese "Beauclerc" [18173] died after 1176.

+ 41 M    iii. Earl Robert de Caen de Mellent [18095] was born about 1090 in Caen, Calvados, France and died on 31 Oct 1147 in Bristol, England about age 57.

   42 F    iv. Sybilla "Beauclerc" [18170] was born c1092 and died in 1122 at age 30.

Sybilla married King Alexander I Scotland [18171] [MRIN: 6147].

Sybilla next married Baldwin de Boullers [18206] [MRIN: 6163].

   43 M    v. William "Beauclerc" [18169] was born c1105 and died after 1187.

+ 44 M    vi. Earl of Cornwall Rainald de Dunstanville [18168] was born c1110 in Dunstanville, Kent, England and died on 1 Jul 1175 in Chertsey, Surrey at age 65.

Henry next married Queen Edith "Atheling" Mathilda of Scotland [18091] [MRIN: 6107] on 11 Nov 1100 in Westminster Abbey, London. Edith was born in Oct 1079 in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland and died on 1 May 1118 in Westminster Palace, London, England at age 38.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 45 F    i. Queen Matilda Adelaide of England [18089] was born on 5 Aug 1102 in Winchester, England and died on 10 Sep 1167 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine Maritime, Normandy at age 65.

   46 F    ii. Princess of England Elizabeth Beauclerc [19136] was born in 1095 in Ralby, Yorkshire, England.

   47 M    iii. Prince of England William "Atheling" Beauclerc [19137] was born on 5 Aug 1103 in Selby, Yorkshire, England and died on 26 Nov 1119 at Sea at age 16.

   48 M    iv. Prince of England Richard Beauclerc [19138] was born in 1105 in England and died on 26 Sep 1119 at Sea at age 14.

  Seventh Generation  

32. Constance "Beauclerc" [18191] .

Constance married Roscelin de Beaumont [18192] [MRIN: 6156].

The child from this marriage was:

   49 F    i. Ermengarde de Beaumont [18193] .

Ermengarde married King William the Lyon of Scotland [18194] [MRIN: 6157].

41. Earl Robert de Caen de Mellent [18095] was born about 1090 in Caen, Calvados, France and died on 31 Oct 1147 in Bristol, England about age 57.

Robert married Mabel FitzHamon [18096] [MRIN: 6110] in 1109. Mabel was born in 1090 and died in 1157 at age 67.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 50 M    i. Earl William FitzRobert [18097] was born on 23 Nov 1116 in Gloycestershire, England and died on 23 Nov 1183 at age 67.

44. Earl of Cornwall Rainald de Dunstanville [18168] was born c1110 in Dunstanville, Kent, England and died on 1 Jul 1175 in Chertsey, Surrey at age 65.

General Notes: Reginald, earl of Cornwall.

Rainald married Beatrice FitzRichard [18207] [MRIN: 6164] in 1135. Beatrice was born in 1114 in Cardinan, Cornwall and died in 1162 at age 48.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 51 F    i. Beatrice de Vaux [18208] was born in 1149 in Stoke, Devonshire, England and died on 24 Mar 1217 at age 68.

45. Queen Matilda Adelaide of England [18089] was born on 5 Aug 1102 in Winchester, England and died on 10 Sep 1167 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine Maritime, Normandy at age 65.

General Notes: Born 1102, London
Died Sept. 10, 1167, near Rouen, Fr.

Also called Maud, German Mathild, consort of the Holy Roman emperor Henry V and afterward claimant to the English throne in the reign of King Stephen.

She was the only daughter of Henry I of England by Queen Matilda and was sister of William the Aetheling, heir to the English and Norman thrones. Both her marriages were in furtherance of Henry I's policy of strengthening Normandy against France. In 1114 she was married to Henry V; he died in 1125, leaving her childless, and three years later she was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet, effectively count of Anjou.

Her brother's death in 1120 made her Henry I's sole legitimate heir, and in 1127 he compelled the baronage to accept her as his successor, though a woman ruler was equally unprecedented for the kingdom of England and the duchy of Normandy. The Angevin marriage was unpopular and flouted the barons' stipulation that she should not be married out of England without their consent. The birth of her eldest son, Henry, in 1133 gave hope of silencing this opposition, but he was only two when Henry I died (1135), and a rapid coup brought to the English throne Stephen of Blois, son of William I the Conqueror's daughter Adela. Though the church and the majority of the baronage supported Stephen, Matilda's claims were powerfully upheld in England by her half brother Robert of Gloucester and her uncle King David I of Scotland. Matilda and Robert landed at Arundel in September 1139, and she was for a short while besieged in the castle. But Stephen soon allowed her to join her brother, who had gone to the west country, where she had much support; after a stay at Bristol, she settled at Gloucester.

She came nearest to success in the summer of 1141, after Stephen had been captured at Lincoln in February. Elected “lady of the English” by a clerical council at Winchester in April, she entered London in June; but her arrogance and tactless demands for money provoked the citizens to chase her away to Oxford before she could be crowned queen. Her forces were routed at Winchester in September 1141, and thereafter she maintained a steadily weakening resistance in the west country. Her well-known escape from Oxford Castle over the frozen River Thames took place in December 1142.

Normandy had been in her husband's possession since 1144, and she retired there in 1148, remaining near Rouen to watch over the interests to her eldest son, who became duke of Normandy in 1150 and King Henry II of England in 1154. She spent the remainder of her life in Normandy exercising a steadying influence over Henry II's continental dominions.

Matilda married Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet "the Fair" [18088] [MRIN: 6106] in Jun 1128 in Le Mans Cathedral. Geoffrey was born on 24 Aug 1113 in Anjou, France and died on 7 Sep 1151 in Le Mans, France at age 38.

General Notes: Born Aug. 24, 1113
Died Sept. 7, 1151, Le Mans, Maine [France]

Also called Geoffrey Plantagenet, by name Geoffrey The Fair, French Geoffroi Plantagenet, or Geoffroi Le Belcount of Anjou (1131–51), Maine, and Touraine and ancestor of the Plantagenet kings of England through his marriage, in June 1128, to Matilda (q.v.), daughter of Henry I of England. On Henry's death (1135), Geoffrey claimed the duchy of Normandy; he finally conquered it in 1144 and ruled there as duke until he gave it to his son Henry (later King Henry II of England) in 1150.

Geoffrey was popular with the Normans, but he had to suppress a rebellion of malcontent Angevin nobles. After a short war with Louis VII of France, Geoffrey signed a treaty (August 1151) by which he surrendered the whole of Norman Vexin (the border area between Normandy and Île-de-France) to Louis.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 52 M    i. King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle" [18085] was born on 5 Mar 1133 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France and died on 6 Jul 1189 in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France at age 56.

   53 F    ii. Agnes Plantagenet [19139] was born in 1130 in LeMans, France and died in 1192 in Anyore, England at age 62.

   54 M    iii. Geoffrey "Mantell" Plantagenet VI [19140] was born on 3 Jun 1134 in Rouen, France, died on 27 Jul 1157 in Nantes, France at age 23, and was buried in Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France.

   55 M    iv. Guillaume Plantagenet [19141] was born on 22 Jul 1136 in Argentan, Orne, France, died on 30 Jan 1164 in Rouen, France at age 27, and was buried in Notre Dame, Rouen, France.

   56 F    v. Emma Plantagenet de Normandie [19142] was born in 1138 in Normandie, France.

Matilda next married Holy Roman Emporer Henry de Normandie V [18784] [MRIN: 6448]. Henry died in 1125.

  Eighth Generation  

50. Earl William FitzRobert [18097] was born on 23 Nov 1116 in Gloycestershire, England and died on 23 Nov 1183 at age 67.

William married Hawise de Beaumont [18098] [MRIN: 6111] about 1150 in Leicestershire. Hawise was born about 1130 in Leicester, Leicestershire, England and died on 24 Apr 1183 about age 53.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 57 F    i. Mabel FitzRobert [18099] was born in 1155 and died in 1188 at age 33.

51. Beatrice de Vaux [18208] was born in 1149 in Stoke, Devonshire, England and died on 24 Mar 1217 at age 68.

Beatrice married William II de Briwere [18209] [MRIN: 6165] in 1174. William was born in 1145 in Stoke, Devonshire, England and died about 1230 in Devonshire, England about age 85.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 58 F    i. Gracia de Briwere "The Dark" [18210] was born in 1186 in Stoke, Devonshire, England and died in 1223 at age 37.

52. King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle" [18085] was born on 5 Mar 1133 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France and died on 6 Jul 1189 in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France at age 56.

General Notes: Henry II, "FitzEmpress" or "Curtmantle".
King of England 25 October 1154 to 6 July 1189
Titles: King of England; Duke of Normandy; Duke of Aquitaine, County of Anjou, Touraine and Maine.
Born: Le Mans, Maine, 5 March 1133
Died: Chinon Castle, Anjou, 6 July 1189, aged 56.
Buried: Fontevrault Abbey, France
Married: 18 May 1152 at Bordeaux Cathedral, Gascony, Eleanor (c1122-1204), daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine and divorcee' of Louis VII King of France.
8 children.
12 illegitimate children.

Henry of Anjou, Henry Plantagenet, Henry Fitzempress, or Henry Curtmantle (Short Mantle)duke of Normandy (from 1150), count of Anjou (from 1151), duke of Aquitaine (from 1152), and king of England (from 1154), who greatly expanded his Anglo-French domains and strengthened the royal administration in England. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his family (his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and such sons as Richard the Lion-Heart and John Lackland) ultimately brought about his defeat.

After receiving a good literary education, part of it in England, Henry became duke of Normandy in 1150 and count of Anjou on the death of his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, in 1151. Although the claim of his mother, Matilda, daughter of Henry I, to the English crown had been set aside by her cousin, King Stephen, in 1152, Henry advanced his fortunes by marrying the beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of France, who brought with her hand the lordship of Aquitaine. Henry invaded England in 1153, and King Stephen agreed to accept him as coadjutor and heir. When Stephen died the following year Henry succeeded without opposition, thus becoming lord of territories stretching from Scotland to the Pyrenees.

The young king lacked visible majesty. Of stocky build, with freckled face, close-cut tawny hair, and gray eyes, he dressed carelessly and grew to be bulky; but his personality commanded attention and drew men to his service. He could be a good companion, with ready repartee in a jostling crowd, but he displayed at times the ungovernable temper of a furious animal and could be heartless and ruthless when necessary. Restless, impetuous, always on the move, regardless of the convenience of others, hewas at ease with scholars, and his administrative decrees were the work of a cool realist. In his long reign of 34 years he spent an aggregate of only 14 in England.

His career may be considered in three aspects: the defense and enlargement of his dominions, the involvement in two lengthy and disastrous personal quarrels, and his lasting administrative and judicial reforms.

His territories are often called the Angevin Empire. This is a misnomer, for Henry's sovereignty rested upon various titles, and there was no institutional or legal bond between different regions. Some, indeed, were under the feudal overlordship of the king of France. By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees, near Carcassonne. During his reign, the dynastic marriages of three daughters gave him political influence in Germany, Castile, and Sicily. His continental dominions brought him into contact with Louis VII of France, the German emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), and, for much of the reign, Pope Alexander III. With Louis the relationship was ambiguous. Henry had taken Louis's former wife and her rich heritage. He subsequently acquired the Vexin in Normandy by the premature marriage of his son Henry to Louis's daughter, and during much of his reign he was attempting to outfight or outwit the French king, who, for his part, gave shelter and comfort to Henry's enemy, Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury. The feud with Louis implied friendly relations with Germany, where Henry was helped by his mother's first marriage to the emperor Henry V but hindered by Frederick's maintenance of an antipope, the outcome of a disputed papal election in 1159. Louis supported Alexander III, whose case was strong, and Henry became arbiter of European opinion. Though acknowledging Alexander, he continued throughout the Becket controversy to threaten transference of allegiance to Frederick's antipope, thus impeding Alexander's freedom of action.

Early in his reign Henry obtained from Malcolm III of Scotland homage and the restoration of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, and later in the reign (1174) homage was exacted from William the Lion, Malcolm's brother and successor. In 1157 Henry invaded Wales and received homage, though without conquest. In Ireland, reputedly bestowed upon him by Pope Adrian IV, Henry allowed an expedition of barons from South Wales to establish Anglo-Norman supremacy in Leinster (1169), which the King himself extended in 1171.

His remarkable achievements were impaired, however, by the stresses caused by a dispute with Becket and by discords in his own family.

The quarrel with Becket, Henry's trusted and successful chancellor (1154–62), broke out soon after Becket's election to the archbishopric of Canterbury (May 1162). It led to a complete severance of relations and to the Archbishop's voluntary exile. Besides disrupting the public life of the church, this situation embroiled Henry with Louis VII and Alexander III; and, though it seemingly did little to hamper Henry's activities, the time and service spent in negotiations and embassies was considerable, and the tragic denouement in Becket's murder earned for Henry a good deal of damaging opprobrium.

More dangerous were the domestic quarrels, which thwarted Henry's plans and even endangered his life and which finally brought him down in sorrow and shame.

Throughout his adult life Henry's sexual morality was lax; but his relations with Eleanor, 11 years his senior, were for long tolerably harmonious, and, between 1153 and 1167, she bore him eight children. Of these, the four sons who survived infancy—Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John—repaid his genuine affection with resentment toward their father and discord among themselves. None was blameless, but the cause of the quarrels was principally Henry's policy of dividing his dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself. In 1170 he crowned his eldest son, Henry, as co-regent with himself; but in fact the young king had no powers and resented his nonentity, and in 1173 he opposed his father's proposal to find territories for the favored John (Lackland) at the expense of Geoffrey. Richard joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland. Henry's prestige was at a low ebb after the murder of Becket and recent taxation, but he reacted energetically, settled matters in Normandy and Brittany, and crossed to England, where fighting had continued for a year. On July 12, 1174, he did public penance at Canterbury. The next day the King of Scots was taken at Alnwick, and three weeks later Henry had suppressed the rebellion in England. His sons were pardoned, but Eleanor was kept in custody until her husband died.

A second rebellion flared up in 1181 with a quarrel between his sons Henry and Richard over the government of Aquitaine, but young Henry died in 1183. In 1184 Richard quarrelled with John, who had been ordered to take Aquitaine off his hands. Matters were eased by the death of Geoffrey (1186), but the King's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to a coalition against him of Richard and the young Philip II Augustus, who had succeeded his father, Louis VII, as king of France. Henry was defeated and forced to give way, and news that John also had joined his enemies hastened the King's death near Tours in 1189.

In striking contrast to the checkered pattern of Henry's wars and schemes, his governance of England displays a careful and successful adaptation of means to a single end—the control of a realm served by the best administration in Europe. This success was obscured for contemporaries and later historians by the varied and often dramatic interest of political and personal events, and not until the 19th century—when the study of the public records began and when legal history was illuminated by the British jurist Frederic William Maitland and his followers—did the administrative genius of Henry and his servants appear in its true light.

At the beginning of his reign Henry found England in disorder, with royal authority ruined by civil war and the violence of feudal magnates. His first task was to crush the unruly elements and restore firm government, using the existing institutions of government, with which the Anglo-Norman monarchy was well provided. Among these was the King's council of barons, with its inner group of ministers who were both judges and accountants and who sat at the Exchequer, into which the taxes and dues of the shires were paid by the King's local representative, the sheriff (shire-reeve). The council contained an unusually able group of men—some of them were great barons, such as Richard de Lucy and Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester; others included civil servants, such as Nigel, bishop of Ely, Richard Fitzneale, and his son, Richard of Ilchester. Henry took a personal interest in the technique of the Exchequer, which was described at length for posterity in the celebrated Dialogus de scaccario, whose composition seemed to Maitland “one of the most wonderful things of Henry's wonderful reign.” How far these royal servants were responsible for the innovations of the reign cannot be known, though the development in practice continued steadily, even during the King's long absences abroad.

In the early months of the reign the King, using his energetic and versatile chancellor Becket, beat down the recalcitrant barons and their castles and began to restore order to the country and to the various forms of justice. It was thus, a few years later, that he came into conflict with the bishops, then led by Becket, over the alleged right of clerics to be tried for crime by an ecclesiastical court. A result of this was the celebrated collection of decrees—the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)—which professed to reassert the ancestral rights of the King over the church in such matters as clerical immunity, appointment of bishops, custody of vacant sees, excommunication, and appeals to Rome. The Archbishop, after an initial compliance, refused to accept these, and they were throughout the controversy, a block to an agreement. The quarrel touched what was to be the King's chief concern—the country's judicial system.

Anglo-Saxon England had two courts of justice—that of the hundred, a division of the shire, for petty offenses, and that of the shire, presided over by the sheriff. The feudal regime introduced by the Normans added courts of the manor and of the honor (a complex of estates). Above all stood the royal right to set up courts for important pleas and to hear, either in person or through his ministers, any appeal. Arrest was a local responsibility, usually hard upon a flagrant crime. A doubt of guilt was settled by ordeal by battle; the accused in the shire underwent tests held to reveal God's judgment. Two developments had come in since William the Conqueror's day: the occasional mission of royal justices into the shires and the occasional use of a jury of local notables as fact finders in cases of land tenure.

Henry's first comprehensive program was the Assize of Clarendon (1166), in which the procedure of criminal justice was established; 12 “lawful” men of every hundred, and four of every village, acting as a “jury of presentment,” were bound to declare on oath whether any local man was a robber or murderer. Trial of those accused was reserved to the King's justices, and prisons for those awaiting trial were to be erected at the King's expense. This provided a system of criminal investigation for the whole country, with a reasonable verdict probable because the firm accusation of the jury entailed exile even if the ordeal acquitted the accused. In feudal courts the trial by battle could be avoided by the establishment of a concord, or fine. This system presupposed regular visits by the King's justices on circuit, and these tours became part of the administration of the country. The justices formed three groups: one on tour, one “on the bench” at Westminster, and one with the King when the court was out of London. Those at Westminster dealt with private pleas and cases sent up from the justices on eyre.

Equally effective were the “possessory assizes.” In the feudal world, especially in times of turmoil, violent ejections and usurpations were common, with consequent vendettas and violence. Pleas brought to feudal courts could be delayed or altogether frustrated. As a remedy Henry established the possessory writ, an order from the Exchequer, directing the sheriff to convene a sworn local jury at petty assize to establish the fact of dispossession, whereupon the sheriff had to reinstate the defendant pending a subsequent trial at the grand assize to establish the rights of the case. This was the writ of Novel Disseisin (i.e., recent dispossession). This writ was returnable; if the sheriff failed to achieve reinstatement, he had to summon the defendant to appear before the King's justices and himself be present with the writ. A similar writ of Mort d'Ancestor decided whether the ancestor of a plaintiff had in fact possessed the estate, whereas that of Darrein Presentment (i.e., last presentation) decided who in fact had last presented a parson to a particular benefice. All these writs gave rapid and clear verdicts subject to later revision. The fees enriched the treasury, and recourse to the courts both extended the King's control and discouraged irregular self-help. Two other practices developed by Henry became permanent. One was scutage, the commutation of military service for a money payment; the other was the obligation, put on all free men with a property qualification by the Assize of Arms (1181), to possess arms suitable to their station.

The ministers who engaged upon these reforms took a fully professional interest in the business they handled, as may be seen in Fitzneale's writing on the Exchequer and that of the chief justiciar, Ranulf de Glanville, on the laws of England; and many of the expedients adopted by the King may have been suggested by them. In any case, the long-term results were very great. By the multiplication of a class of experts in finance and law Henry did much to establish two great professions, and the location of a permanent court at Westminster and the character of its business settled for England (and for much of the English-speaking world) that common law, not Roman law, would rule the courts and that London, and not an academy, would be its principal nursery. Moreover, Henry's decrees ensured that the judge-and-jury combination would become normal and that the jury would gradually supplant ordeal and battle as being responsible for the verdict. Finally, the increasing use of scutage, and the availability of the royal courts for private suits, were effective agents in molding the feudal monarchy into a monarchical bureaucracy before the appearance of Parliament.

Henry II lived in an age of biographers and letter writers of genius. John of Salisbury, Thomas Becket, Giraldus Cambrensis, Walter Map, Peter of Blois, and others knew him well and left their impressions. All agreed on his outstanding ability and striking personality and also recorded his errors and aspects of his character that appear contradictory, whereas modern historians agree upon the difficulty of reconciling its main features. Without deep religious or moral conviction, Henry nevertheless was respected by three contemporary saints, Aelred of Rievaulx, Gilbert of Sempringham, and Hugh of Lincoln. Normally an approachable and faithful friend and master, he could behave with unreasonable inhumanity. His conduct and aims were always self-centred, but he was neither a tyrant nor an odious egoist. Both as man and ruler he lacked the stamp of greatness that marked Alfred the Great and William the Conqueror. He seemed also to lack wisdom and serenity; and he had no comprehensive view of the country's interest, no ideals of kingship, no sympathetic care for his people. But if his reign is to be judged by its consequences for England, it undoubtedly stands high in importance, and Henry, as its mainspring, appears among the most notable of English kings.

Henry married Eleanore d' Aquitanie [18087] [MRIN: 6105] on 18 May 1152 in Poitiers. Eleanore was born about 1122 in Chateau de Belin, Guinne, France and died on 1 Apr 1204 in l'Abbaye de Maine et Loire, France about age 82.

General Notes: born c. 1122
died April 1, 1204, Fontevrault, Anjou, Fr.

Also called Eleanor Of Guyenne, French Éléonore, or Aliénor, D'aquitaine, or De Guyennequeen consort of both Louis VII of France (in 1137–52) and Henry II of England (in 1152–1204) and mother of Richard I the Lion-Heart and John of England. She was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe.

Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers, who possessed one of the largest domains in France—larger, in fact, than those held by the French king. Upon William's death in 1137 she inherited the Duchy of Aquitaine and in July 1137 married the heir to the French throne, who succeeded his father, Louis VI, the following month. Eleanor became queen of France, a title she held for the next 15 years. Beautiful, capricious, and adored by Louis, Eleanor exerted considerable influence over him, often goading him into undertaking perilous ventures.

From 1147 to 1149 Eleanor accompanied Louis on the Second Crusade to protect the fragile Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, founded after the First Crusade only 50 years before, from Turkish assault. Eleanor's conduct during this expedition, especially at the court of her uncle Raymond of Poitiers at Antioch, aroused Louis's jealousy and marked the beginning of their estrangement. After their return to France and a short-lived reconciliation, their marriage was annulled in March 1152. According to feudal customs, Eleanor then regained possession of Aquitaine, and two months later she married the grandson of Henry I of England, Henry Plantagenet, count of Anjou and duke of Normandy. In 1154 he became, as Henry II, king of England, with the result that England, Normandy, and the west of France were united under his rule. Eleanor had only two daughters by Louis VII; to her new husband she bore five sons and three daughters. The sons were William, who died at the age of three; Henry; Richard, the Lion-Heart; Geoffrey, duke of Brittany; and John, surnamed Lackland until, having outlived all his brothers, he inherited, in 1199, the crown of England. The daughters were Matilda, who married Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria; Eleanor, who married Alfonso VIII, king of Castile; and Joan, who married successively William II, king of Sicily, and Raymond VI, count of Toulouse. Eleanor would well have deserved to be named the “grandmother of Europe.”

During her childbearing years, she participated actively in the administration of the realm and even more actively in the management of her own domains. She was instrumental in turning the court of Poitiers, then frequented by the most famous troubadours of the time, into a centre of poetry and a model of courtly life and manners. She was the great patron of the two dominant poetic movements of the time: the courtly love tradition, conveyed in the romantic songs of the troubadours, and the historical matière de Bretagne, or “legends of Britanny,” which originated in Celtic traditions and in the Historia regum Britanniae, written by the chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth some time between 1135 and 1139.

The revolt of her sons against her husband in 1173 put her cultural activities to a brutal end. Since Eleanor, 11 years her husband's senior, had long resented his infidelities, the revolt may have been instigated by her; in any case, she gave her sons considerable military support. The revolt failed, and Eleanor was captured while seeking refuge in the kingdom of her first husband, Louis VII. Her semi-imprisonment in England ended only with the death of Henry II in 1189. On her release, Eleanor played a greater political role than ever before. She actively prepared for Richard's coronation as king, was administrator of the realm during his crusade to the Holy Land, and, after his capture by the Duke of Austria on Richard's return from the east, collected his ransom and went in person to escort him to England. During Richard's absence, she succeeded in keeping his kingdom intact and in thwarting the intrigues of his brother John Lackland and Philip II Augustus, king of France, against him.

In 1199 Richard died without leaving an heir to the throne, and John was crowned king. Eleanor, nearly 80 years old, fearing the disintegration of the Plantagenet domain, crossed the Pyrenees in 1200 in order to fetch her granddaughter Blanche from the court of Castile and marry her to the son of the French king. By this marriage she hoped to insure peace between the Plantagenets of England and the Capetian kings of France. In the same year she helped to defend Anjou and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, thus securing John's French possessions. In 1202 John was again in her debt for holding Mirebeau against Arthur, until John, coming to her relief, was able to take him prisoner. John's only victories on the Continent, therefore, were due to Eleanor.

She died in 1204 at the monastery at Fontevrault, Anjou, where she had retired after the campaign at Mirebeau. Her contribution to England extended beyond her own lifetime; after the loss of Normandy (1204), it was her own ancestral lands and not the old Norman territories that remained loyal to England. She has been misjudged by many French historians who have noted only her youthful frivolity, ignoring the tenacity, political wisdom, and energy that characterized the years of her maturity. “She was beautiful and just, imposing and modest, humble and elegant”; and, as the nuns of Fontevrault wrote in their necrology: a queen “who surpassed almost all the queens of the world.”

Children from this marriage were:

   59 M    i. William Plantagenet [18627] .

   60 M    ii. Henry Plantagenet [18628] .

   61 F    iii. Matilda Plantagenet [18632] .

   62 F    iv. Eleanor Plantagenet [18633] .

   63 F    v. Joan Plantagenet [18634] .

   64 M    vi. King Richard de Aquitaine I "Lionheart" [18629] was born on 8 Sep 1157 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England, died on 6 Apr 1199 in Chalus, Aquitaine at age 41, and was buried in Fontevrault Abbey, Anjou.

General Notes: born Sept. 8, 1157, Oxford
died April 6, 1199, Châlus, Duchy of Aquitaine

Richard The Lion-heart, or Lion-hearted, French Richard Coeur De Lionduke of Aquitaine (from 1168) and of Poitiers (from 1172) and king of England, duke of Normandy, and count of Anjou (1189–99). His knightly manner and his prowess in the Third Crusade (1189–92) made him a popular king in his own time as well as the hero of countless romantic legends. He has been viewed less kindly by more recent historians and scholars.

Richard was the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was given the Duchy of Aquitaine, his mother's inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers in 1172. Richard possessed precocious political and military ability, won fame for his knightly prowess, and quickly learned how to control the turbulent aristocracy of Poitou and Gascony. Like all Henry II's legitimate sons, he had little or no filial piety, foresight, or sense of responsibility. He joined his brothers in the great rebellion (1173–74) against their father, who invaded Aquitaine twice before Richard submitted and received pardon. Thereafter Richard was occupied with suppressing baronial revolts in his own duchy. His harshness infuriated the Gascons, who revolted in 1183 and called in the help of the “Young King” Henry and his brother Geoffrey of Brittany in an effort to drive Richard from his duchy altogether. Alarmed at the threatened disintegration of his empire, Henry II brought the feudal host of his continental lands to Richard's aid, but the younger Henry died suddenly (June 11, 1183) and the uprising collapsed.

Richard was now heir to England, and to Normandy and Anjou (which were regarded as inseparable), and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John. But Richard, a true southerner, would not surrender the duchy in which he had grown up, and even appealed, against Henry II, to the young king of France, Philip II Augustus. In November 1188 he did homage to Philip for all the English holdings on French soil and in 1189 openly joined forces with Philip to drive Henry into abject submission. They chased him from Le Mans to Saumur, forced him to acknowledge Richard as his heir, and at last harried him to his death (July 6, 1189).

Richard received Normandy on July 20 and the English throne on September 30. Richard, unlike Philip, had only one ambition, to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. He had no conception of planning for the future of the English monarchy and put up everything for sale to buy arms for the crusade. Yet he had not become king to preside over the dismemberment of the Angevin empire. He broke with Philip and did not neglect Angevin defenses on the Continent. Open war was averted only because Philip also took the cross. Richard dipped deep into his father's treasure and sold sheriffdoms and other offices. With all this he raised a formidable fleet and an army, and in 1190 he departed for the Holy Land, traveling via Sicily.

Richard found the Sicilians hostile and took Messina by storm (October 4). To prevent the German emperor Henry VI from ruling their country, the Sicilians had elected the native Tancred of Lecce, who had imprisoned the late king's wife, Joan of England (Richard's sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By the Treaty of Messina Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany (Richard's nephew) to be his own heir, and provided for Arthur to marry Tancred's daughter. This treaty infuriated the Germans, who were also taking part in the Third Crusade, and it incited Richard's brother John to treachery and rebellion. Richard joined the other crusaders at Acre on June 8, 1191, having conquered Cyprus on his way there. While at Limassol in Cyprus, Richard married (May 12) Berengaria of Navarre.

Acre fell in July 1191, and on September 7 Richard's brilliant victory at Ars¨f put the crusaders in possession of Joppa. Twice Richard led his forces to within a few miles of Jerusalem. But the recapture of the city, which constituted the chief aim of the Third Crusade, eluded him. There were fierce quarrels among the French, German, and English contingents. Richard insulted Leopold V, duke of Austria, by tearing down his banner and quarreled with Philip Augustus, who returned to France after the fall of Acre. Richard's candidate for the crown of Jerusalem was his vassal Guy de Lusignan, whom he supported against the German candidate, Conrad of Montferrat. It was rumored, unjustly, that Richard connived at Conrad's murder. After a year's unproductive skirmishing, Richard (September 1192) made a truce for three years with Saladin that permitted the crusaders to hold Acre and a thin coastal strip and gave Christian pilgrims free access to the holy places.

Richard sailed home by way of the Adriatic, because of French hostility, and a storm drove his ship ashore near Venice. Because of the enmity of Duke Leopold he disguised himself, but he was discovered at Vienna in December 1192 and imprisoned in the Duke's castle at Dürnstein on the Danube. Later, he was handed over to Henry VI, who kept him at various imperial castles. It was around Richard's captivity in a castle, whose identity was at first unknown in England, that the famous romance of Blondel was woven in the 13th century.

Under the threat of being handed over to Philip II, Richard agreed to the harsh terms imposed by Henry VI: a colossal ransom of 150,000 marks and the surrender of his kingdom to the Emperor on condition that he receive it back as a fief. The raising of the ransom money was one of the most remarkable fiscal measures of the 12th century and gives striking proof of the prosperity of England. A very high proportion of the ransom was paid, and meanwhile (February 1194) Richard was released.

He returned at once to England and was crowned for the second time on April 17, fearing that the independence of his kingship had been compromised. Within a month he went to Normandy, never to return. His last five years were spent in warfare against Philip II, interspersed with occasional truces. The King left England in the capable hands of Hubert Walter, justiciar and archbishop of Canterbury. It was Richard's impetuosity that brought him to his death at the early age of 42. The Vicomte of Limoges refused to hand over a hoard of gold unearthed by a local peasant. Richard laid siege to his castle of Châlus and in an unlucky moment was wounded. He died in 1199. He was buried in the abbey church of Fontevrault, where Henry II and Queen Eleanor are also buried, and his effigy is still preserved there.

Richard was a thoroughgoing Angevin, irresponsible and hot-tempered, possessed of tremendous energy, and capable of great cruelty. He was more accomplished than most of his family, a soldier of consummate ability, a skillful politician, and capable of inspiring loyal service. He was a lyric poet of considerable power and the hero of troubadours. In striking contrast with his father and with King John, he was, there seems no doubt, a homosexual. He had no children by Queen Berengaria, with whom his relations seem to have been merely formal.

Richard married Berengaria Sancho [18086] [MRIN: 6390] on 12 May 1191 in Limassol, Cyprus. Berengaria was born c1163 and died after 1230.

   65 M    vii. Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet de Brittany [18630] was born on 23 Sep 1158 and died in Aug 1186 in Paris, France at age 27.

General Notes: born Sept. 23, 1158
died Aug. 19?, 1186, Paris [France]

also called Geoffrey Plantagenet, French Geoffroi Plantagenet duke of Brittany and earl of Richmond, the fourth, but third surviving, son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

In 1166, in furtherance of his father's policy of extending and consolidating Angevin power in France, Geoffrey was betrothed to Constance, daughter and heir of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany. At the same time, Duke Conan was forced to surrender to Henry II for Geoffrey's use the whole duchy of Brittany except the county of Guingamp. Geoffrey received the homage of the Breton nobles in 1169, and in 1173 he joined the rebellion against Henry II led by his eldest brother, Henry, the “Young King,” and supported by the rulers of France, Scotland, and Flanders. He submitted to his father at Michaelmas, 1174, and was sent back to Brittany, where he proceeded to recover lost ducal estates and subdue rebellious barons. He and Constance were married in 1181.

From then until his death he fought against both his brother Richard the Lion-Heart and his father (toward whom he behaved atrociously), largely for possession of Anjou. In 1185 he issued an “assize” at Rennes regularizing the succession to military fiefs in Brittany. He died at Paris, either of illness or in a tournament, leaving a daughter, Eleanor, and a posthumous son, Arthur I.

+ 66 M    viii. King John Plantagenet "Lackland" [18631] was born on 24 Dec 1167 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England and died on 19 Oct 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England at age 48.

Henry next married Ida Plantagenet [18081] [MRIN: 6104] in 1176. Ida was born in 1154 in Norfolk, England.

  Ninth Generation  

57. Mabel FitzRobert [18099] was born in 1155 and died in 1188 at age 33.

Mabel married Gruffudd ap Ifor Bach [18100] [MRIN: 6112]. Gruffudd was born about 1158 and died in 1211 about age 53.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 67 M    i. Rhys ap Gruffudd [18101] .

58. Gracia de Briwere "The Dark" [18210] was born in 1186 in Stoke, Devonshire, England and died in 1223 at age 37.

Gracia married Reginald de Braose [18211] [MRIN: 6166]. Reginald was born in 1178 in Bramber, Sussex, England and died on 9 Jun 1228 in Brecon, Breconshire, Wales at age 50.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 68 M    i. Lord William de Braose "Black Will" [18212] was born about 1200 in Brecknock, Surrey, England and died on 2 May 1230 in Wales about age 30.

66. King John Plantagenet "Lackland" [18631] was born on 24 Dec 1167 in Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England and died on 19 Oct 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England at age 48.

General Notes: born Dec. 24, 1167, Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England
died Oct. 19, 1216, Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England.

King of England, Lord of Ireland, County of Mortain, Duke of Normandy.

John Lackland, French Jean Sans Terreking of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215).

John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry's plan (1173) to assign to John, his favorite son (whom he had nicknamed Lackland), extensive lands upon his marriage with the daughter of Humbert III, count of Maurienne (Savoy), was defeated by the rebellion the proposal provoked among John's elder brothers. Various provisions were made for him in England (1174–76), including the succession to the earldom of Gloucester. He was also granted the lordship of Ireland (1177), which he visited from April to late 1185, committing youthful political indiscretions from which he acquired a reputation for reckless irresponsibility. Henry's continued favor to him contributed to the rebellion of his eldest surviving son, Richard I (later called Coeur de Lion), in June 1189. For obscure reasons John deserted Henry for Richard.

On Richard's accession in July 1189, John was made count of Mortain (a title that became his usual style), was confirmed as lord of Ireland, was granted lands and revenues in England worth £6,000 a year, and was married to Isabella, heiress to the earldom of Gloucester. He also had to promise (March 1190) not to enter England during Richard's absence on his crusade. But John's actions were now dominated by the problem of the succession, in which his nephew, the three-year-old Arthur I, duke of Brittany, the son of his deceased elder brother Geoffrey, was his only serious rival. When Richard recognized Arthur as his heir (October 1190), John immediately broke his oath and returned to England, where he led the opposition to Richard's dictatorial chancellor, William Longchamp. On receiving the news in January 1193 that Richard, on his way back from the crusade, had been imprisoned in Germany, John allied himself with King Philip II Augustus of France and attempted unsuccessfully to seize control of England. In April 1193 he was forced to accept a truce but made further arrangements with Philip for the division of Richard's possessions and for rebellion in England. On Richard's return, early in 1194, John was banished and deprived of all his lands. He was reconciled to Richard in May and recovered some of his estates, including Mortain and Ireland, in 1195, but his full rehabilitation came only after the Bretons had surrendered Arthur to Philip II in 1196. This led Richard to recognize John as his heir.

In 1199 the doctrine of representative succession, which would have given the throne to Arthur, was not yet generally accepted, and following Richard's death in April 1199 John was invested as duke of Normandy and in May crowned king of England. Arthur, backed by Philip II, was recognized as Richard's successor in Anjou and Maine, and it was only a year later, in the Treaty of Le Goulet, that John was recognized as successor in all Richard's French possessions, in return for financial and territorial concessions to Philip.

The renewal of war in France was triggered by John's second marriage. His first wife, Isabella of Gloucester, was never crowned, and in 1199 the marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity, both parties being great-grandchildren of Henry I. John then intervened in the stormy politics of his county of Poitou and, while trying to settle the differences between the rival families of Lusignan and Angoulême, himself married Isabella (August 1200), the heiress to Angoulême, who had been betrothed to Hugh IX de Lusignan. This politically conceived marriage provoked the Lusignans into rebellion the next year; they appealed to Philip II, who summoned John to appear before his court. In the general war that followed his failure to answer this summons, John had a temporary success at Mirebeau in August 1202, when Arthur of Brittany was captured, but Normandy was quickly lost (1204). By 1206, Anjou, Maine, and parts of Poitou had also gone over to King Philip.

These failures, foreshadowed under Henry II and Richard, were brought about by the superiority of French resources and the increasing strain on those of England and Normandy. Nevertheless, they were a damaging blow to John's prestige, and, equally important, they meant that John resided now almost permanently in England. This factor, coinciding with the death (1205) of the chancellor and archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, gave his government a much more personal stamp, which was accentuated by the promotion of members of his household to important office. His determination to reverse the continental failure bore fruit in ruthlessly efficient financial administration, marked by taxation on revenues, investigations into the royal forests, taxation of the Jews, a great inquiry into feudal tenures, and the increasingly severe exploitation of his feudal prerogatives. These measures provided the material basis for the charges of tyranny later brought against him.

John's attention was diverted and his prestige disastrously affected by relations with the papacy. In the disputed election to the see of Canterbury following the death of Hubert Walter, Pope Innocent III quashed the election of John's nominee in procuring the election of Stephen Langton (December 1206). John, taking his ground on the traditional rights of the English crown in Episcopal elections, refused to accept Langton. In March 1208, Innocent laid an interdict on England and excommunicated John (November 1209). The quarrel continued until 1213, by which time John had amassed more than £100,000 from the revenues of vacant or appropriated sees and abbeys. But such a dispute was a dangerous hindrance to John's intention to recover his continental lands. In November 1212 he agreed to accept Langton and the Pope's terms. Apparently at his own behest, he surrendered his kingdom to the papal nuncio at Ewell, near Dover, on May 15, 1213, receiving it back as a vassal rendering a tribute of 1,000 marks (£666 13s. 4d.) a year. He was absolved from excommunication by Langton in July 1213, and the interdict was finally relaxed a year later. John thus succeeded in his aim to secure the papacy as a firm ally in the fight with Philip and in the struggle already pending with his own baronage. But his treatment of the church during the interdict, although arousing little if any opposition among the laity at the time, angered monastic chroniclers, who henceforth loaded him with charges of tyranny, cruelty, and, with less reason, of sacrilege and irreligion.

In August 1212 recurrent baronial discontent had come to a head in an unsuccessful plot to murder or desert John during a campaign planned against the Welsh. Pope Innocent's terms had included the restoration of two of those involved, Eustace de Vesci and Robert Fitzwalter, and, although the barons soon lost papal support, they retained the protection of Stephen Langton. John, skillfully isolating the malcontents, was able to launch his long-planned campaign against the French, landing at La Rochelle in February 1214. He achieved nothing decisive and was forced to accept a truce lasting until 1220. Returning to England in October 1214, he now had to face much more widespread discontent, centered mainly on the northern, East Anglian, and home counties. After lengthy negotiations in which both sides appealed to the Pope, civil war broke out in May 1215. John was compelled to negotiate once more when London went over to the rebels in May, and on June 19 at Runnymede he accepted the baronial terms embodied in the Magna Carta, which ensured feudal rights and restated English law. This settlement was soon rendered unworkable by the more intransigent barons and John's almost immediate appeal to Pope Innocent against it. Innocent took the King's side, and in the ensuing civil war John captured Rochester castle and laid waste the northern counties and the Scottish border. But his cause was weakened by the arrival of Prince Louis (later Louis VIII) of France, who invaded England at the barons' request. John continued to wage war vigorously but died, leaving the issues undecided. His death made possible a compromise peace, including the restoration of the rebels, the succession of his son Henry III, and the withdrawal of Louis.

John's reputation, bad at his death, was further depressed by writers of the next generation. Of all centuries prior to the present, only the 16th, mindful of his quarrel with Rome, recognized some of his quality. He was suspicious, vengeful, and treacherous; Arthur I of Brittany was probably murdered in captivity, and Matilda de Braose, the wife of a recalcitrant Marcher baron, was starved to death with her son in a royal prison. But John was cultured and literate. Conventional in his religion rather than devout, he was remembered for his benefactions to the church of Coventry, to Reading Abbey, and to Worcester, where he was buried and where his effigy still survives. He was extraordinarily active, with a great love of hunting and a readiness to travel that gave him a knowledge of England matched by few other monarchs. He took a personal interest in judicial and financial administration, and his reign saw important advances at the Exchequer, in the administration of justice, in the importance of the privy seal and the royal household, in methods of taxation and military organization, and in the grant of chartered privileges to towns. If his character was unreliable, his political judgment was acute. In 1215 many barons, including some of the most distinguished, fought on his side.

John married Suzanne de Warenne [18082] [MRIN: 6101]. Suzanne was born about 1166.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 69 M    i. King Henry III Plantagenet [18079] was born on 1 Oct 1207 in Winchester Castle Hampshire, England and died on 16 Nov 1272 in Westminster Palace, London, England at age 65.

John next married Clemence de Arcy [18083] [MRIN: 6102]. Clemence was born about 1173 and died in Sep 1196 about age 23.

John next married Isabelle Taillefer [18084] [MRIN: 6103] on 24 Jun 1200 in Bordeaux. Isabelle was born in 1188 in Angouleme, France and died on 31 May 1246 in Fontevrault at age 58.

  Tenth Generation  

67. Rhys ap Gruffudd [18101] .

Rhys married.

His child was:

+ 70 F    i. Joan verch Rhys [18102] .

68. Lord William de Braose "Black Will" [18212] was born about 1200 in Brecknock, Surrey, England and died on 2 May 1230 in Wales about age 30.

William married Eva Marshal [18213] [MRIN: 6167]. Eva was born about 1206 in Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales and died before 1246 in England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 71 F    i. Eva de Braose [18214] was born in 1220 in Bramber, Sussex, England and died before 28 Jul 1255.

69. King Henry III Plantagenet [18079] was born on 1 Oct 1207 in Winchester Castle Hampshire, England and died on 16 Nov 1272 in Westminster Palace, London, England at age 65.

General Notes: Married 14 January 1236 at Canterbury Cathedral - nine children.
Born October 1, 1207, Winchester, Hampshire, Eng.
Died November 16, 1272, London

King of England from 1216 to 1272. In the 24 years(1234–58) during which he had effective control of the government, he displayed such indifference to tradition that the barons finally forced him to agree to a series of major reforms, the Provisions of Oxford (1258).

The elder son and heir of King John (ruled 1199–1216), Henry was nine years old when his father died. At that time London and much of eastern England were in the hands of rebel barons led by Prince Louis (later King Louis VIII of France), son of the French king Philip II Augustus. A council of regency presided over by the venerable William Marshal, 1st earl of Pembroke, was formed to rule for Henry; by 1217 the rebels had been defeated and Louis forced to withdraw from England. After Pembroke's death in 1219 Hubert de Burgh ran the government until he was dismissed by Henry in 1232. Two ambitious Frenchmen, Peter des Roches and Peter des Rivaux, then dominated Henry's regime until the barons brought about their expulsion in 1234. That event marked the beginning of Henry's personal rule.

Although Henry was charitable and cultured, he lacked the ability to rule effectively. In diplomatic and military affairs he proved to be arrogant yet cowardly, ambitious yet impractical. The breach between the King and his barons began as early as 1237, when the barons expressed outrage at the influence exercised over the government by Henry's Savoyard relatives. The marriage arranged (1238) by Henry between his sister, Eleanor, and his brilliant young French favorite, Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, increased foreign influence and further aroused the nobility's hostility. In 1242 Henry's Lusignan half brothers involved him in a costly and disastrous military venture in France. The barons then began to demand a voice in selecting Henry's counsellors, but the King repeatedly rejected their proposal. Finally, in 1254 Henry made a serious blunder. He concluded an agreement with Pope Innocent IV (pope 1243–54), offering to finance papal wars in Sicily if the Pope would grant his infant son, Edmund, the Sicilian crown. Four years later Pope Alexander IV (pope 1254–61) threatened to excommunicate Henry for failing to meet this financial obligation. Henry appealed to the barons for funds, but they agreed to cooperate only if he would accept far-reaching reforms. These measures, the Provisions of Oxford, provided for the creation of a 15-member privy council, selected (indirectly) by the barons, to advise the King and oversee the entire administration. The barons, however, soon quarrelled among themselves, and Henry seized the opportunity to renounce the Provisions (1261). In April 1264 Montfort, who had emerged as Henry's major baronial opponent, raised a rebellion; the following month he defeated and captured the King and his eldest son, Edward, at the Battle of Lewes (May 14, 1264), Sussex. Montfort ruled England in Henry's name until he was defeated and killed by Edward at the Battle of Evesham, Worcestershire, in August 1265. Henry, weak and senile, then allowed Edward to take charge of the government. After the King's death, Edward ascended the throne as King Edward I.

Henry married Eleonore de Provence [18080] [MRIN: 6100] on 14 Jan 1236 in Canterbury. Eleonore was born about 1217 in Aix-en-Provence, France and died on 24 Jun 1291 in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England about age 74.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 72 M    i. King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks" [18077] was born on 17 Jun 1239 in Westminster and died on 7 Jul 1307 in Burh by Sands near Castile at age 68.

+ 73 M    ii. Earl Edmund Plantagenet "Crouchback" [18580] was born on 16 Jan 1244 in London, England and died on 5 Jun 1296 in Bayonne, France at age 52.

  Eleventh Generation  

70. Joan verch Rhys [18102] .

Joan married Sir Ralph Maelog [18103] [MRIN: 6114].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 74 F    i. Ann Maelog [18104] .

71. Eva de Braose [18214] was born in 1220 in Bramber, Sussex, England and died before 28 Jul 1255.

Eva married Baron William de Cantelupe III [18215] [MRIN: 6168] after 25 Jul 1238. William was born about 1216 in Aston Cantlow, Warwickshire and died on 25 Sep 1254 in Calne, Wiltshire, England about age 38.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 75 F    i. Millicent de Cantelupe [18216] was born in 1250 and died on 7 Jan 1299 at age 49.

72. King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks" [18077] was born on 17 Jun 1239 in Westminster and died on 7 Jul 1307 in Burh by Sands near Castile at age 68.

General Notes: King of England; Wales, Man, Scotland, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Gascony, Earl of Chester.
Born: Palace of Westminster, 17 June 1239
Died: Burgh-on-Sands, near Carlisle, 7 July 1307, at age 68
Buried: Westminster Abbey
Married: (1) October 1254 at Las Huelgas, Castile, to Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III King of Castile - 16 children. (2) 10 September 1299 at Canterbury Cathedral, to Margaret, daughter of Philippe III, King of France - 3 children. One illegitimate child.

Edward "Longshanks" son of Henry III and king of England in 1272–1307, during a period of rising national consciousness. He strengthened the crown and Parliament against the old feudal nobility. He subdued Wales, destroying its autonomy; and he sought (unsuccessfully) the conquest of Scotland. His reign is particularly noted for administrative efficiency and legal reform. He introduced a series of statutes that did much to strengthen the crown in the feudal hierarchy. His definition and emendation of English common law has earned him the name of the “English Justinian".

Edward was the eldest son of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. In 1254 he was given the duchy of Gascony, the French Oléron, the Channel Islands, Ireland, Henry's lands in Wales, and the earldom of Chester, as well as several castles. Henry negotiated Edward's marriage with Eleanor, half sister of Alfonso X of Leon and Castile. Edward married Eleanor at Las Huelgas in Spain (October 1254) and then traveled to Bordeaux to organize his scattered appanage. He now had his own household and officials, chancery and seal, with an exchequer (treasury) at Bristol Castle; though nominally governing all his lands, he merely enjoyed the revenues in Gascony and Ireland. He returned to England in November 1255 and attacked Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd, to whom his Welsh subjects had appealed for support when Edward attempted to introduce English administrative units in his Welsh lands. Edward, receiving no help from either Henry or the marcher lords, was defeated ignominiously. His arrogant lawlessness and his close association with his greedy Poitevin uncles, who had accompanied his mother from France, increased Edward's unpopularity among the English. But after the Poitevins were expelled, Edward fell under the influence of Simon de Montfort, his uncle by marriage,with whom he made a formal pact. Montfort was the leader of a baronial clique that was attempting to curb the misgovernment of Henry.

Edward reluctantly accepted the Provisions of Oxford (1258), which gave effective government to the barons at the expense of the king. On the other hand, he intervened dramatically to support the radical Provisions of Westminster (October 1259), which ordered the barons to accept reforms demanded by their tenants. In the dangerous crisis early in 1260 he supported Montfort and the extremists, though finally he deserted Montfort and was forgiven by Henry (May 1260). He was sent to Gascony in October 1260 but returned early in 1263. Civil war had now broken out between Henry and the barons, who were supported by London. Edward's violent behavior and his quarrel with the Londoners harmed Henry's cause. At the Battle of Lewes (May 14, 1264) his vengeful pursuit of the Londoners early in the battle contributed to Henry's defeat. Edward surrendered and became a hostage in Montfort's hands. He escaped at Hereford in May 1265 and took charge of the royalist forces, penned Montfort behind the River Severn, and, by lightning strategy, destroyed a large relieving army at Kenilworth (August 1). On August 4 he trapped and slew Montfort at Evesham and rescued Henry. Shattered and enfeebled, Henry allowed Edward effective control of government, and the latter's extreme policy of vengeance, especially against the Londoners, revived and prolonged rebel resistance. Finally, the papal legate Ottobuono, Edward's uncle Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and other moderates persuaded Henry to the milder policy of the Dictum of Kenilworth (Oct. 31, 1266), and after some delay the rebels surrendered. Edward took the cross (1268), intending to join the French king Louis IX on a crusade to the Holy Land, but was delayed by lack of money until August 1270. Louis died before Edward's arrival; and Edward, after wintering in Sicily, went to Acre, where he stayed from May 1271 to September 1272, winning fame by his energy and courage and narrowly escaping death by assassination but achieving no useful results. On his way home he learned in Sicily of Henry III's death on Nov. 16, 1272.

Edward had nominated Walter Giffard, archbishop of York, Philip Basset, Roger Mortimer, and his trusted clerk Robert Burnell to safeguard his interests during his absence. After Henry's funeral, the English barons all swore fealty to Edward (Nov. 20, 1272). His succession by hereditary right and the will of his magnates was proclaimed, and England welcomed the new reign peacefully, Burnell taking charge of the administration with his colleagues' support. The quiet succession demonstrated England's unity only five years after a bitter civil war. Edward could journey homeward slowly,halting in Paris to do homage to his cousin Philip III for his French lands (July 26, 1273), staying several months in Gascony and reaching Dover on Aug. 2, 1274, for his coronation at Westminster on August 19. Now 35 years old, Edward had redeemed a bad start. He had been arrogant, lawless, violent, treacherous, revengeful, and cruel; his Angevin rages matched those of Henry II. Loving his own way and intolerant of opposition, he had still proved susceptible to influence by strong-minded associates. He had shown intense family affection, loyalty to friends, courage, brilliant military capacity, and a gift for leadership; handsome, tall, powerful, and tough, he had the qualities men admired. He loved efficient, strong government, enjoyed power, and had learned to admire justice, though in his own affairs it was often the letter, not the spirit of the law that he observed. Having mastered his anger, he had shown himself capable of patient negotiation, generosity, and even idealism; and he preferred the society and advice of strong counselors with good minds. As long as Burnell and Queen Eleanor lived, the better side of Edward triumphed, and the years until about 1294 were years of great achievement. Thereafter, his character deteriorated for lack of domestic comfort and independent advice. He allowed his autocratic temper full rein and devoted his failing energies to prosecution of the wars in France and against Scotland.

Shrewdly realistic, Edward understood the value of the “parliaments,” which since 1254 had distinguished English government and which Montfort had deliberately employed to publicize government policy and to enlist widespread, active support by summoning representatives of shires and boroughs to the council to decide important matters. Edward developed this practice swiftly, not to share royal power with his subjects but to strengthen royal authority with the support of rising national consciousness. From 1275 to 1307 he summoned knights and burgesses to his parliaments in varying manners. The Parliament of 1295, which included representatives of shires,boroughs, and the lesser clergy, is usually styled the Model Parliament, but the pattern varied from assembly to assembly, as Edward decided. By 1307, Parliament, thus broadly constituted, had become the distinctive feature of English politics, though its powers were still undefined and its organization embryonic.

Edward used these parliaments and other councils to enact measures of consolidation and reform in legal, procedural, and administrative matters of many kinds. The great statutes promulgated between 1275 and 1290 are the glory of his reign. Conservative and definitory rather than original, they owed much to Burnell, Edward's chancellor. With the vast developments and reorganization of the administrative machine that Burnell coordinated, they created a new era in English government. The quo warranto inquiry, begun in 1275, the statutes of Gloucester (1278) and of Quo Warranto (1290) sought with much success to bring existing franchises under control and to prevent the unauthorized assumption of new ones. Tenants were required to show “by what warrant” or right they held their franchises. Edward strove, unsuccessfully, to restore the feudal army and strengthen local government institutions by compelling minor landowners to assume the duties of knighthood. His land legislation, especially the clause de donis conditionalibus in the miscellaneous Second Statute of Westminster (1285) and the statute Quia Emptores (Third Statute of Westminster, 1290), eventually helped to undermine feudalism, quite contrary to his purpose. By the Statute of Mortmain (1279) the crown gained control of the acquisition of land by ecclesiastical bodies. The Statute of Winchester (1285) codified and strengthened the police system for preserving public order. The Statute of Acton Burnell (1283) and the Statute of Merchants (1285) showed practical concern for trade and merchants. These are but the most famous of many statutes aimed at efficiency and sound administration.

Meanwhile, Edward destroyed the autonomous principality of Wales, which, under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, had expanded to include all Welsh lordships and much territory recovered from the marcher lords. Domestic difficulties had compelled Henry III to recognize Llywelyn's gains by the Treaty of Shrewsbury (1267), but Edward was determined to reduce Llywelyn and used Llywelyn's persistent evasion of his duty to perform homage as a pretext for attack. He invaded Wales by three coordinated advances with naval support (1277), blockaded Llywelyn in Snowdonia, starved him into submission, and stripped him of all his conquests since 1247. He then erected a tremendous ring of powerful castles encircling Gwynedd and reorganized the conquered districts as shires and hundreds. When English rule provoked rebellion, he methodically reconquered the principality, killing both Llywelyn (1282) and his brother David (1283). By the Statute of Wales (1284) he completed the reorganization of the principality on English lines, leaving the Welsh marchers unaffected. A further Welsh rising in 1294–95 was ruthlessly crushed, and Wales remained supine for more than 100 years.

After 1294, matters deteriorated. Queen Eleanor had died in 1290, Burnell in1292, and Edward never thereafter found such good advisers. The conquest and fortification of Wales had badly strained his finances; now endless wars with Scotland and France bankrupted him. He quarrelled bitterly with both clergy and barons, behaving as a rash and obstinate autocrat who refused to recognize his limitations. Philip III and Philip IV of France had both cheated him of the contingent benefits promised by the Treaty of Paris (1259). By constant intervention on pretext of suzerainty they had nibbled at his Gascon borders and undermined the authority of his administration there. After doing homage to Philip IV in 1286, Edward visited Gascony to reorganize the administration and restore authority. On returning to England in 1289 he had to dismiss many judges and officials for corruption and oppression during his absence. In 1290, having systematically stripped the Jews of their remaining wealth, he expelled them from England. French intervention in Gascony was now intensified; affrays between English and French sailors inflamed feelings; and in 1293 Philip IV tricked Edward's brother Edmund, earl of Lancaster, who was conducting negotiations, into ordering a supposedly formal and temporary surrender of the duchy, which Philip then refused to restore. The Welsh rising and Scottish troubles prevented Edward from taking action, and when at last, in 1297, he sailed to attack France from Flanders, his barons refused to invade Gascony, and William Wallace's rising forced him to return. He made peace with Philip (1299) and by Boniface VIII's persuasion married Philip's sister Margaret, and eventually recovered an attenuated Gascon duchy.

For more than 100 years relations between England and Scotland had been amicable, and the border had been remarkably peaceful. Edward inaugurated 250 years of bitter hatred, savage warfare, and bloody border forays. The deaths of Alexander III of Scotland (1286) and his granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway (1290), whom Edward planned to marry to his heir, Edward of Caernarvon (afterward Edward II), ended the line of succession. Many dubious claimants arose, and the Scottish magnates requested Edward's arbitration. Edward compelled the nobles and the claimants to recognize his suzerainty, and only then adjudged John de Balliol king (1292). Balliol did homage and was crowned, but Edward's insistence on effective jurisdiction, as suzerain, in Scottish cases eventually provoked the Scottish nobles to force Balliol to repudiate Edward's claims and to ally with France (1295). Edward invaded and conquered Scotland (1296), removing to Westminster the coronation stone of Scone. Wallace led a revolt in 1297, and Edward, though brilliantly victorious at Falkirk (July 22, 1298), could not subdue the rebellion despite prolonged campaigning (1298–1303).

The strain of these years provoked heavy collisions between Edward and his magnates. He had quarrelled violently with his archbishops of Canterbury, John Peckham (1279–92) and Robert Winchelsey (1293–1313), over ecclesiastical liberties and jurisdiction. In 1297 Winchelsey, obeying Pope Boniface VIII's bull Clericis Laicos (1296), rejected Edward's demands for taxes from the clergy, whereupon Edward outlawed the clergy. His barons now defied his orders to invade Gascony and, when Edward went to Flanders, compelled the regents to confirm the charters of liberties, with important additions forbidding arbitrary taxation (1297), thereby forcing Edward to abandon the campaign and eventually to make peace with France. Although Pope Clement V, more pliant than Boniface, allowed Edward to exile Winchelsey and intimidate the clergy (1306), the barons had exacted further concessions (1301) before reconciliation. Edward renewed the conquest of Scotland in 1303, captured Stirling in 1304, and executed Wallace as a traitor in 1305; but when Scotland seemed finally subjected, Robert I the Bruce revived rebellion and was crowned in 1306. On his way to reconquer Scotland, Edward died near Carlisle.

Edward married Eleanor de Castilie [18078] [MRIN: 6099] on 18 Oct 1254 in Abbey of Las Huelgas, Castile. Eleanor was born in 1241 in Castile and died on 29 Nov 1290 in Herdby, Lincolnshire at age 49.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 76 M    i. John de Botetourte [20073] was born in 1265 and died on 25 Nov 1324 at age 59.

   77 F    ii. Eleanor Plantagenet [20066] was born in 1269 and died in 1298 at age 29.

Eleanor married Count Henri III of Bar [20067] [MRIN: 6822]. Henri died in 1302.

+ 78 F    iii. Joan of Acre [18245] was born in 1272 in Acre, Palestine and died on 23 Apr 1307 in Clare, Suffolk, England at age 35.

   79 M    iv. Earl Alfonso of Chester [20068] was born in 1273 and died in 1284 at age 11.

+ 80 F    v. Margaret Plantagenet [20069] was born in 1275 and died in 1318 at age 43.

+ 81 F    vi. Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet [18076] was born on 7 Aug 1282 in Rhuddlan Castle Carnev and died on 5 May 1316 in Quendon, Essex at age 33.

+ 82 M    vii. King Edward Plantagenet II [18449] was born on 25 Apr 1284 in Carnarvon Castle and died on 21 Sep 1327 in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire at age 43.

Edward next married Margaretha of France [18635] [MRIN: 6391] on 10 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, England. Margaretha was born in 1279 and died on 14 Feb 1317 in Marlborough Castle, England at age 38.

Noted events in their marriage were:

• Married from: Daughter of King Philippe III of France.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 83 M    i. Earl Edmund of Woodstock [18975] was born on 5 Aug 1301 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England and died on 19 Mar 1330 in Winchester, Hampshire, England at age 28.

+ 84 M    ii. John de Botetourte [20073] was born in 1265 and died on 25 Nov 1324 at age 59.

   85 M    iii. Earl Thomas Plantagenet of Norfolk [20072] was born in 1300 and died in 1338 at age 38.

73. Earl Edmund Plantagenet "Crouchback" [18580] was born on 16 Jan 1244 in London, England and died on 5 Jun 1296 in Bayonne, France at age 52.

General Notes: born Jan. 16, 1245, London, Eng.
died , c. June 5, 1296, Bayonne, France

Crouchback, second surviving son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, who founded the house of Lancaster.

At the age of 10, Edmund was invested by Pope Innocent IV with the kingdom of Sicily (April 1255), as an expression of his conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor, who held Sicily; but Edmund was never more than an absentee titular king, and Pope Alexander IV canceled the grant (December 1258).

In 1265 Edmund received the earldom of Leicester, and two years later was created Earl of Lancaster. He joined the crusade of his elder brother, the Lord Edward (1271–1272); and Edward, on his accession as King Edward I, found in Edmund a loyal supporter. In 1275, two years after the death of his first wife, Edmund married Blanche of Artois, the widow of Henry III of Navarre and Champagne, and assumed the title Count Palatine of Champagne and Brie. When the court of King Philip IV of France pronounced that the king of England had forfeited Gascony, Edmund renounced his homage to Philip and withdrew with his wife to England. He was appointed lieutenant of Gascony in 1296 but died in the same year, leaving his son Thomas to succeed him in his English possessions.

Edmund's nickname “Crouchback” (meaning “Crossback,” or crusader) was misinterpreted, probably intentionally, by his direct descendant, King Henry IV, who, in claiming the throne (1399), asserted that Edmund had really been Henry III's eldest son but had been disinherited as a hunchback.

Edmund married Blanche d' Artois [18581] [MRIN: 6365] on 3 Feb 1276 in Paris, France. Blanche was born about 1245 in Arras, France and died on 2 May 1302 in Paris, France about age 57.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 86 M    i. Earl Henry Plantagenet [18582] was born about 1281 in Grosmont Castle, England and died on 22 Sep 1345 in Leicester, England about age 64.

  Twelfth Generation  

74. Ann Maelog [18104] .

Ann married Sir Gwrgi Ghant [18105] [MRIN: 6115].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 87 M    i. Jenkins ap Gwrgi [18106] .

75. Millicent de Cantelupe [18216] was born in 1250 and died on 7 Jan 1299 at age 49.

Millicent married Eudes la Zouche [18217] [MRIN: 6169] on 13 Dec 1273. Eudes was born about 1244 in Haryngworth, Northamptonshire and died on 28 Apr 1279 about age 35.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 88 F    i. Elizabeth la Zouche [18218] died after 1297.

76. John de Botetourte [20073] was born in 1265 and died on 25 Nov 1324 at age 59.

John married Maud FitzThomas [19085] [MRIN: 6824] about 1290. Maud died after 28 Apr 1329.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 89 M    i. Sir Otto de Botetourte [20074] died in 1345.

78. Joan of Acre [18245] was born in 1272 in Acre, Palestine and died on 23 Apr 1307 in Clare, Suffolk, England at age 35.

Joan married Lord Ralph de Monthermer [18246] [MRIN: 6187] in Jan 1297 in Akko, Hazafon, Israel. Ralph was born c1262 and died on 5 Apr 1325 at age 63.

Joan next married Earl Gilbert de Clare II "The Red" [18247] [MRIN: 6188] in Nov 1289. Gilbert was born on 2 Sep 1243 in Christchurch, Hampshire, England and died on 7 Dec 1295 in Monmouth Castle, England at age 52.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 90 F    i. Margaret de Clare [18248] was born in Oct 1292 in Caerphilly Castle, England and died on 13 Apr 1342 at age 49.

80. Margaret Plantagenet [20069] was born in 1275 and died in 1318 at age 43.

Margaret married Duke John II of Brabant [20070] [MRIN: 6823]. John died in 1312.

The child from this marriage was:

   91 M    i. John III of Brabant [20071] was born in 1300 and died in 1355 at age 55.

81. Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet [18076] was born on 7 Aug 1282 in Rhuddlan Castle Carnev and died on 5 May 1316 in Quendon, Essex at age 33.

Elizabeth married Earl Humphrey de Bohun VIII [18075] [MRIN: 6098] on 14 Nov 1302 in Westminster. Humphrey was born in 1276 and died on 16 Mar 1321 in Boroughbridge, Yorkshire at age 45.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 92 M    i. Earl William de Bohun [18073] was born in 1312 and died in 1360 at age 48.

+ 93 F    ii. Alionore de Bohun [18321] was born in 1304 and died on 7 Oct 1363 at age 59.

+ 94 F    iii. Mary de Bohun [18688] was born c1369 and died in 1394 at age 25.

82. King Edward Plantagenet II [18449] was born on 25 Apr 1284 in Carnarvon Castle and died on 21 Sep 1327 in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire at age 43.

General Notes: King of England and Scotland, Lord of Ireland, Prince of Wales, Duke of Acquitaine.

born April 25, 1284, Caernarvon, Caernarvonshire, Wales
died September 1327, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Eng. (Murdered)

Edward of Caernarvon, King of England from 1307 to 1327. Although he was a man of limited capability, he waged a long, hopeless campaign to assert his authority over powerful barons.

The fourth son of King Edward I, he ascended the throne upon his father's death (July 7, 1307) and immediately gave the highest offices to Edward I's most prominent opponents. He earned the hatred of the barons by granting the earldom of Cornwall to his frivolous favorite (and possible lover), Piers Gaveston. In 1311 a 21-member baronial committee drafted a document-known as the Ordinances-demanding the banishment of Gaveston and the restriction of the King's powers over finances and appointments. Edward pretended to give in to these demands; he sent Gaveston out of the country but soon allowed him to return. In retaliation the barons seized Gaveston and executed him (June 1312).

Edward had to wait 11 years to annul the Ordinances and avenge Gaveston. Meanwhile, the Scottish king Robert I the Bruce was threatening to throw off English overlordship. Edward led an army into Scotland in 1314 but was decisively defeated by Bruce at Bannockburn on June 24. With one stroke, Scotland's independence was virtually secured, and Edward was put at the mercy of a group of barons headed by his cousin Thomas of Lancaster, who by 1315 had made himself the real master of England. Nevertheless, Lancaster proved to be incompetent; by 1318 a group of moderate barons led by Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, had assumed the role of arbitrators between Lancaster and Edward. At this juncture Edward found two new favorites-Hugh le Despenser and his son and namesake. When the King supported the younger Despenser's territorial ambitions in Wales, Lancaster banished both Despensers. Edward then took up arms in their behalf. His opponents fell out among themselves, and he defeated and captured Lancaster at Boroughbridge, Yorkshire, in March 1322. Soon afterward, he had Lancaster executed.

At last free of baronial control, Edward revoked the Ordinances. His reliance on the Despensers, however, soon aroused the resentment of his queen, Isabella. While on a diplomatic mission to Paris in 1325, she became the mistress of Roger Mortimer, an exiled baronial opponent of Edward. In September 1326 the couple invaded England, executed the Despensers, and deposed Edward in favor of his son, who was crowned (January 1327) King Edward III. Edward II was imprisoned and in September 1327 died, nor by starvation as is often reported and first attempted, rather he was held down while a red hot poker was inserted into his bowels; thus he perished.

Noted events in his life were:

• Length of Rule: Ruled England from 8 July 1307 to 25 January 1327 at which time he abdicated. Edward II was actually crowned on the 25 February 1308 at Westminster Abbey.

• Titles: King of England; King of Scotland; Lord of Ireland; Prince of Wales; Duke of Aquitane.

• Death: The Queen, Isabella, became acquainted with Roger Mortimer, whom she took as a lover. She and Roger had raised an army while she was in France for the purpose of disposing of Edward but the King of France (Charles IV) stood in her way for a time; but Isabella and Mortimer sailed for London, landing on 24 September 1326. It took a mere two months before they had Edward captive at Kenilworth Castle. Isabella called a parliament on 20 January 1327 to seek the deposition of Edward but the parliament had no authority for such decisions. Finally, under pressure, Edward capitulated in favor of his son on 25 January and Edward was transported to Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, where his rescue was attempted by Rhys ap Gruffydd. Isabella and Mortimer feared that Edward might yet make a resurgence, and so Mortimer arranged for Edward's death. He did not want it to appear that violence had been committed against the King. He was hoping for a natural death. So, he tried starving the King. It did not work. In the end Edward was held down while a red hot poker was inserted into his bowels.

He was buried at Gloucestershire Cathedral. It was not until 1330 that his death was avenged. Roger Mortimer was tried and executed and Queen Isabella was placed in confinement at Castle Rising in Norfolk. She lived on for thirty years after her husbands death, dying on 22 August 1358 and was buried at Greyfriars Church at Newgate Prison in London.

Edward married Isabella de France "The She-Wolf" [18450] [MRIN: 6295], daughter of King Philippe de France IV [18451] and Unknown, on 25 Jan 1308 in Boulogne Cathedral. Isabella was born in 1296 and died on 22 Aug 1358 in Hertford Castle at age 62.

General Notes: At their coronation, Isabella had thought she was insulted by Edward by his show of affection for another (Gaveston). She held this grudge and finally entered into an affair with Roger Mortimer.

Relations with France becoming hostile, she requested a visit with the King of France and was soon joined by Roger Mortimer, who lived with her as a lover. In time, she and Mortimer raised an army and landed at Harwich on 24 September 1326. Edward showed little resistance, retreating to a stronghold in Wales. In two months he was captured.

He was held captive at Kenilworth Castle. Meanwhile, Isabelle called upon Parliament to despose of Edward but Parliament had no such authority. Negotiations ensued in favor of Edward's capitulation in favor of his son, which he did on 25 January.

Isabella and Mortimer arranged for Edward's death, attempting to make it appear natural, not wanting a violence to the King to become of public concern. They tried starving Edward but it was unsuccessful. Eventually Edward was tortured with a red hot poker and murdered.

In 1330 Isabella's deeds came to light and she was exiled to imprisonment at Castle Rising in Norfolk, lasting another 30 years. Mortimer was tried and executed after torture.

Isabella is buried at Newgate Prison.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 95 M    i. King Edward Plantagenet III [18452] was born on 13 Nov 1312 in Winsdor, died on 21 Jun 1377 in Sheen Palace, Surrey, England at age 64, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

   96 M    ii. Earl John of Cornwall Plantagenet [19086] was born in 1316 and died in 1336 at age 20.

   97 F    iii. Eleanor Plantagenet [19087] was born in 1318 and died in 1355 at age 37.

Eleanor married Count Reginald II of Gueldres [20075] [MRIN: 6560].

   98 F    iv. Joanna Plantagenet [20076] was born in 1321 and died in 1362 at age 41.

Joanna married David II of Scotland [20077] [MRIN: 6825]. David was born in 1324 and died in 1371 at age 47.

83. Earl Edmund of Woodstock [18975] was born on 5 Aug 1301 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England and died on 19 Mar 1330 in Winchester, Hampshire, England at age 28.

General Notes: born Aug. 5, 1301, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Eng.
died March 19, 1330, Winchester, Hampshire

Edmund of Woodstock youngest brother of England's King Edward II, whom he supported to the forfeit of his own life.

He received many marks of favor from his brother, whom he steadily supported until the last act in Edward's life opened in 1326. He fought in Scotland and then in France and was a member of the council when Edward III became king in 1327. Soon at variance with Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, Edmund was involved in a conspiracy to restore Edward II, who he was led to believe was still alive (he had been murdered in September 1327); Edmund was arrested and beheaded. Although he had been condemned as a traitor, his elder son Edmund (c. 1327–33) was recognized as earl of Kent in December 1330, the title passing on his death to his brother John (c. 1330–52).

Noted events in his life were:

• Place of Birth: Woodstock (Oxfordshire, England). A royal manor built at least by the time of Athelred II in 995 when he held a council there. It became known as Woodstock Palace by the 12 century. Henry I regularly stayed there, using it as a base for his hunting in the vicinity. Henry II held court there on a number of occasions, the most significant on 1163 where both the Welsh and Scottish rulers paid homage to him and where he first strongly disagreed with Becket. The Scottish King William the Lyon was married there.

• Title: Earl of Kent

Edmund married Margaret le Wakefield [18976] [MRIN: 6506] in Dec 1321. Margaret was born about 1299 and died on 29 Sep 1349 about age 50.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 99 F    i. Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid" [18977] was born on 29 Sep 1328 and died on 8 Aug 1385 at age 56.

84. John de Botetourte [20073] was born in 1265 and died on 25 Nov 1324 at age 59.

John married Maud FitzThomas [19085] [MRIN: 6824] about 1290. Maud died after 28 Apr 1329.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 76)

86. Earl Henry Plantagenet [18582] was born about 1281 in Grosmont Castle, England and died on 22 Sep 1345 in Leicester, England about age 64.

Henry married Maud de Chaworth [18583] [MRIN: 6366] on 2 Mar 1297. Maud was born about 1282 and died on 3 Dec 1322 about age 40.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 100 F    i. Eleanor of Lancaster [18584] was born in 1311 in Grismond Castle, Monmouth, England and died on 11 Jan 1372 in Arundel, Sussex, England at age 61.

  Thirteenth Generation  

87. Jenkins ap Gwrgi [18106] .

Jenkins married.

His child was:

+ 101 M    i. Gwilym ap Jenkin [18107] .

88. Elizabeth la Zouche [18218] died after 1297.

Elizabeth married Sir Nicholas de Poyntz III [18219] [MRIN: 6170]. Nicholas was born about 1278 and died about 12 Jul 1311 about age 33.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 102 M    i. Nicholas Poyntz [18220] died in 1376.

89. Sir Otto de Botetourte [20074] died in 1345.

Otto married Sibyll Unknown [19088] [MRIN: 6561].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 103 M    i. John de Botetourte [19089] was born c1333 in Mendleshom, Suffolk, England and died in 1377 in Hamerton, Huntingtonshire, England at age 44.

90. Margaret de Clare [18248] was born in Oct 1292 in Caerphilly Castle, England and died on 13 Apr 1342 at age 49.

Margaret married Piers de Gaveston [18249] [MRIN: 6189] on 1 Nov 1307. Piers was born about 1284 in Bearn, Gascony and died on 19 Jun 1312 about age 28.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 104 F    i. Amy (Joan) de Gaveston [18250] was born about 6 Jan 1312.

Margaret next married Earl Hugh de Audley [18279] [MRIN: 6206] on 28 Apr 1317 in Windsor, England. Hugh was born in 1289 and died on 10 Nov 1347 at age 58.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 105 F    i. Baroness Margaret de Audley [18280] was born about 1318 and died on 16 Sep 1349 in Tonbridge, Kent about age 31.

92. Earl William de Bohun [18073] was born in 1312 and died in 1360 at age 48.

William married Elizabeth de Badlesmere [18074] [MRIN: 6097]. Elizabeth was born in 1313 and died in 1356 at age 43.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 106 F    i. Elizabeth de Bohun [18072] died in 1385.

93. Alionore de Bohun [18321] was born in 1304 and died on 7 Oct 1363 at age 59.

Alionore married Earl James Butler [18322] [MRIN: 6229] in 1327. James was born about 1305 and died on 6 Jan 1338 about age 33.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 107 F    i. Pernel Butler [18323] was born in 1327 and died in 1365 at age 38.

94. Mary de Bohun [18688] was born c1369 and died in 1394 at age 25.

General Notes: Eight children.

Mary married King Henry Bolingbroke Lancaster IV [18667] [MRIN: 6419], son of Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt" [18463] and Blanche de Lancaster [18662], before 10 Feb 1381 in Arundel, Sussex, England. Henry was born on 2 Apr 1367 in Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, England, died on 20 Mar 1413 in Westminster Abbey, London at age 45, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.

General Notes: born , April 3, 1366, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, Eng.
died March 20, 1413, London

Also called (1377–97) Earl of Derby, or (1397–99) Duke of Hereford, by name Henry Bolingbroke, or Henry of Lancaster king of England from 1399 to 1413, the first of three 15th-century monarchs from the House of Lancaster. He gained the crown by usurpation and successfully consolidated his power in the face of repeated uprisings of powerful nobles. At the same time he was unable to overcome the fiscal and administrative weaknesses that contributed to the eventual downfall of the Lancastrian dynasty.

Henry was the eldest surviving son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his first wife, Blanche. Before becoming king he was known as Henry Bolingbroke, and he received from his cousin the titles earl of Derby (1377) and duke of Hereford (1397). During the opening years of the reign of King Richard II (ruled 1377–99), Henry remained in the background while his father ran the government. When Gaunt departed for an expedition to Spain in 1386, Henry entered politics as an opponent of the crown. He and Thomas Mowbray (later 1st duke of Norfolk) became the younger members of the group of five opposition leaders—known as the lords appellants—who in 1387–89 outlawed Richard's closest associates and forced the King to submit to their domination. Richard had just regained the upper hand when Gaunt returned to reconcile the King to his enemies. Bolingbroke then went on crusades into Lithuania (1390) and Prussia (1392). Meanwhile, Richard had not forgiven his past enmity. In 1398 the King took advantage of a quarrel between Bolingbroke and Norfolk to banish both men from the kingdom. The seizure of the Lancastrian estates by the crown upon John of Gaunt's death (February 1399) deprived Henry of his inheritance and gave him an excuse to invade England (July 1399) as a champion of the nobility. Richard surrendered to him in August; Bolingbroke's reign as King Henry IV began when Richard abdicated on Sept. 30, 1399.

Henry IV used his descent from King Henry III (ruled 1216–72) to justify his usurpation of the throne. Nevertheless, this claim did not convince those magnates who aspired to assert their authority at the crown's expense. During the first five years of his reign, Henry was attacked by a formidable array of domestic and foreign enemies. He quashed a conspiracy of Richard's supporters in January 1400. Eight months later the Welsh landowner Owen Glendower raised a national rebellion against oppressive English rule in Wales. Henry led a number of fruitless expeditions into Wales from 1400 to 1405, but his son, Prince Henry, had greater success in reasserting royal control over the region. Meanwhile, Glendower encouraged domestic resistance to Henry's rule by allying with the powerful Percy family—Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, and his son Sir Henry Percy, called Hotspur. Hotspur's brief uprising, the most serious challenge faced by Henry during his reign, ended when the King's forces killed the rebel in battle near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in July 1403. In 1405 Henry had Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry's political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosy—it may have been congenital syphilis. A quickly suppressed insurrection, led by Northumberland in 1408, was the last armed challenge to Henry's authority. Throughout these years the King had to combat border incursions by the Scots and ward off conflict with the French, who aided the Welsh rebels in 1405–06.

To finance these military activities, Henry was forced to rely on parliamentary grants. From 1401 to 1406 Parliament repeatedly accused him of fiscal mismanagement and gradually acquired certain precedent-setting powers over royal expenditures and appointments. As Henry's health deteriorated, a power struggle developed within his administration between his favorite, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, and a faction headed by Henry's Beaufort half brothers and Prince Henry. The latter group ousted Arundel from the chancellorship early in 1410, but they, in turn, fell from power in 1411. Henry then made an alliance with the French faction that was waging war against the Prince's Burgundian friends. As a consequence, tension between Henry and the Prince was high when Henry became totally incapacitated late in 1412. He died several months later, and the Prince succeeded as King Henry V.

Noted events in his life were:

• Titles: King of England - 30 September 1399 to 20 March 1413
Earl of Northampton and Hereford
Duke of Hereford
Duke of Lancaster
Earl of Leicester
Earl of Lincoln

The child from this marriage was:

+ 108 M    i. Henry V Lancaster [20078] was born in 1387 and died in 1422 at age 35.

95. King Edward Plantagenet III [18452] was born on 13 Nov 1312 in Winsdor, died on 21 Jun 1377 in Sheen Palace, Surrey, England at age 64, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

General Notes: born Nov. 13, 1312, Windsor, Berkshire, Eng.
died June 21, 1377, Sheen, Surrey

Edward of Windsor king of England from 1327 to 1377, who led England into the Hundred Years' War with France. The descendants of his seven sons and five daughters contested the throne for generations, climaxing in the Wars of the Roses (1455–85).

The eldest son of Edward II and Isabella of France, Edward III was summoned to Parliament as earl of Chester (1320) and was made duke of Aquitaine (1325), but, contrary to tradition, he never received the title of prince of Wales.

Edward III grew up amid struggles between his father and a number of barons who were attempting to limit the king's power and to strengthen their own role in governing England. His mother, repelled by her husband's treatment of the nobles and disaffected by the confiscation of her English estates by his supporters, played an important role in this conflict. In 1325 she left England to return to France to intervene in the dispute between her brother, Charles IV of France, and her husband over the latter's French possessions, Guyenne, Gascony, and Ponthieu. She was successful; the land was secured for England on condition that the English king pay homage to Charles. This was performed on the King's behalf by his young son.

The heir apparent was secure at his mother's side. With Roger Mortimer, an influential baron who had escaped to France in 1323 and had become her lover, Isabella now began preparations to invade England to depose her husband. To raise funds for this enterprise, Edward III was betrothed to Philippa, daughter of William, count of Hainaut and Holland.

Within five months of their invasion of England, the Queen and the nobles, who had much popular support, overpowered the King's forces. Edward II, charged with incompetence and breaking his coronation oath, was forced to resign, and on Jan. 29, 1327, Edward III, aged 15, was crowned king of England.

During the next four years Isabella and Mortimer governed in his name, though nominally his guardian was Henry, earl of Lancaster. In the summer of 1327 he took part in an abortive campaign against the Scots, which resulted in the Treaty of Northampton (1328), making Scotland an independent realm. Edward was deeply troubled by the settlement and signed it only after much persuasion by Isabella and Mortimer. He married Philippa at York on Jan. 24, 1328. Soon afterward, Edward made a successful effort to throw off his degrading dependence on his mother and Mortimer. While a council was being held at Nottingham, he entered the castle by night, through a subterranean passage, took Mortimer prisoner, and had him executed (November 1330). Edward had discreetly ignored his mother's liaison with Mortimer and treated her with every respect, but her political influence was at an end.

Edward III now began to rule as well as to reign. Young, ardent, and active, he sought to remake England into the powerful nation it had been under Edward I. He still resented the concession of independence made to Scotland by the Treaty of Northampton; and the death of Robert I, the Bruce, king of Scotland, in 1329 gave him a chance of retrieving his position. The new king of Scots, his brother-in-law, David II, was a mere boy, and Edward took advantage of his weakness to aid the Scottish barons who had been exiled by Bruce to place their leader, Edward Balliol, on the Scottish throne. David II fled to France, but Balliol was despised as a puppet of the English king, and David returned in 1341.

During the 1330's England gradually drifted into a state of hostility with France, for which the most obvious reason was the dispute over English rule in Gascony. Contributory causes were France's new king Philip VI's support of the Scots, Edward's alliance with the Flemish cities—then on bad terms with their French overlord—and the revival, in 1337, of Edward's claim, first made in 1328, to the French crown. Edward twice attempted to invade France from the north (1339, 1340), but the only result of his campaigns was to reduce him to bankruptcy. In January 1340 he assumed the title of king of France. At first he may have done this to gratify the Flemings, whose scruples in fighting the French king disappeared when they persuaded themselves that Edward was the rightful king of France. But his pretensions to the French crown gradually became more important, and the persistence with which he and his successors urged them made stable peace impossible for more than a century. This was the struggle famous in history as the Hundred Years' War. Until 1801 every English king also called himself king of France.

Edward was present in person at the great naval battle off the Flemish city of Sluis in June 1340, in which he all but destroyed the French navy. Despite this victory his resources were exhausted by his land campaign, and he was forced to make a truce (which was broken two years later) and return to England. During the years after 1342 he spent much time and money in rebuilding Windsor Castle and instituting the Order of the Garter, which became Britain's highest order of knighthood.

Edward operated his court of the model of the Arthurian Round Table. Arthur was his hero, and many of the incidents later related by Thomas Malory in his Morte d'Arthur have their counterparts in Edward's tournaments and chivalric quests. The world of Edward III was the world of Arthur. Edward planned to instigate an Order of the Round Table which was eventually called the Most Noble Order of the Garter when he established it in 1348. It was the highest order of chivalry limited always to a select group of twenty-five or so knights. It was first bestowed upon Edward's eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, and included among its illustrious ranks his second cousin, Henry, Earl of Derby and Roger Mortimer, the grandson of his mother's lover. These honors and the opportunity to prove themselves to the king resulted in a rare camaraderie between the king and his nobles, one which helped sustain the successes of the first half of Edward's reign. It was a period of considerable glory and prestige for England.

A new phase of the French war began when Edward landed in Normandy in July 1346, accompanied by his eldest son, Prince Edward, later known as the Black Prince (born 1330). At first the King showed some lack of strategic purpose, engaging in little more than a large-scale plundering raid to the gates of Paris. The campaign was made memorable by his decisive victory over the French at Crécy in Ponthieu (August 26), where he scattered the army with which Philip VI sought to cut off his retreat to the northeast. Edward laid siege to the French port of Calais in September 1346 and received its surrender in August 1347. Other victories in Gascony and Brittany, and the defeat and capture of David II at Neville's Cross near Durham (October 1346), gave further proof of Edward's power, but Calais was to be his only lasting conquest. He ejected most of its French inhabitants, colonizing the town with Englishmen and establishing there a base from which to conduct further invasions of France. Nevertheless, in the midst of his successes, want of money forced him to make a new truce in September 1347.

Edward returned to England in October 1347. He celebrated his triumph by a series of splendid tournaments. In 1348 he rejected an offer to become Holy Roman emperor. In the same year the bubonic plague known as the Black Death first appeared in England and raged until the end of 1349. Its horrors hardly checked the magnificent revels of Edward's court, and neither the plague nor the truce stayed the slow course of the French war, though the fighting was indecisive and on a small scale. Edward's martial exploits during the next years were those of a gallant knight rather than of a responsible general. Although the English House of Commons was now weary of the war, efforts to make peace came to nothing, and large-scale operations began again in 1355, when Edward led an unsuccessful raid out of Calais. He harried the Lothians, part of southeastern Scotland, in the expedition famous as the Burned Candlemas (January and February 1356), and in the same year he received a formal surrender of the Kingdom of Scotland from Balliol. His exploits were, however, eclipsed by those of his son Edward, whose victory at Poitiers (Sept. 19, 1356), resulting in the capture of the French king, John II (who had succeeded Philip VI in 1350), forced the French to accept a new truce. Edward entertained his captive magnificently but forced him by the Treaty of London (1359) to surrender so much territory that the agreement was repudiated in France. In an effort to compel acceptance, Edward landed at Calais (October 28) and besieged Reims, where he planned to be crowned king of France. The strenuous resistance of the citizens frustrated this scheme, and Edward marched into Burgundy, eventually returning toward Paris. After this unsuccessful campaign he was glad to conclude preliminaries of peace at Brittany (May 8, 1360). This treaty, less onerous to France than that of London, took its final form in the Treaty of Calais, ratified by both kings (October 1360). By it, Edward renounced his claim to the French crown in return for the whole of Aquitaine, a rich area in southwestern France.

The Treaty of Calais did not bring rest or prosperity to either England or France. Fresh visitations of the Black Death in England in 1361 and 1369 intensified social and economic disturbances, and desperate but not very successful efforts were made to enforce the Statute of Laborers (1351), which was intended to maintain prices and wages as they had been before the pestilence. Other famous laws enacted during the 1350's had been the Statutes of Provisors (1351) and Praemunire (1353), which reflected popular hostility against foreign clergy. These measures were frequently reenacted, and Edward formally repudiated (1366) the feudal supremacy over England still claimed by the papacy.

When the French king Charles V, son of John II, repudiated the Treaty of Calais, Edward resumed the title of king of France, but he showed little of his former vigor in meeting this new trouble, leaving most of the fighting and the administration of his foreign territories to his sons Edward and John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. While they were struggling with little success against the rising tide of French national feeling, Edward's want of money made him a willing participant in the attack on the wealth and privileges of the church. Meanwhile, Aquitaine was gradually lost, Prince Edward returned to England in broken health (1371), and John of Gaunt's march through France from Calais to Bordeaux (1373) achieved nothing. Edward's final attempt to lead an army abroad himself (1372) was frustrated when contrary winds prevented his landing his troops in France. In 1375 he was glad to make a truce, which lasted until his death. By it, the only important possessions remaining in English hands were Calais, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Brest.

Edward was now sinking into his dotage. After the death of Queen Philippa in 1369 he fell entirely under the influence of his greedy mistress, Alice Perrers, while Prince Edward and John of Gaunt became the leaders of sharply divided parties in the royal court and council. John of Gaunt returned to England in April 1374 and with the help of Alice Perrers obtained the chief influence with his father, but his administration was neither honorable nor successful. At the famous so-called Good Parliament of 1376 popular indignation against John of Gaunt's ruling party came at last to a head. Alice Perrers was removed and some of Gaunt's followers were impeached. Before the Parliament had concluded its business, however, the death of Prince Edward (June 8, 1376) robbed the Commons of its strongest support. John of Gaunt regained power, and the acts of the Good Parliament had been reversed when Edward III died.

Edward III possessed extraordinary vigor and energy of temperament; he was an admirable tactician and a consummate knight. His court was the most brilliant in contemporary Europe, and he was himself well fitted to be the head of the gallant knights who obtained fame in the French wars. Though his main ambition was military glory, he was not a bad ruler of England, being liberal, kindly, good-tempered, and easy of access. His need to obtain supplies for carrying on the French wars made him favorable to his subjects' petitions and contributed to the growing strength of Parliament. His weak points were his wanton breaches of good faith, his extravagance, his frivolity, and his self-indulgence. His ambition ultimately transcended his resources, and before he died even his subjects had sensed his failure.

Noted events in his life were:

• Length of Rule: 25 January 1327 until 21 June 1377. Crowned at Westminster Abbey 1 February 1327.

• Titles: King of England; Duke of Aquitane; Earl of Chester; Count of Ponthieu; Lord of Ireland; King of France.

Edward married Philippa van Holland [18453] [MRIN: 6297], daughter of Count William van Hainault V [18650] and Unknown, on 24 Jan 1328. Philippa was born in 1314 in Hainault, Belgie and died on 14 Aug 1369 in Winsdor Castle at age 55.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 109 M    i. Edward Plantagenet "Black Prince" [18651] was born on 15 Jun 1330 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England and died on 8 Jun 1376 in Westminster, England at age 45.

   110 F    ii. Isabella Plantagenet [18653] was born in 1332 and died in 1382 at age 50.

Isabella married Enquerrand de Coucy [18654] [MRIN: 6401]. Enquerrand was born about 1339 and died in 1382 about age 43.

   111 F    iii. Joan Plantagenet of Woodstock [18655] was born in 1335 and died in 1348 at age 13.

   112 M    iv. William de Hatfield [18656] was born about 1337.

General Notes: Edward III's son, William of Hatfield (1337) is buried in York Minster. This tomb effigy of an alabaster figure is notable due to the fact that there are very few memorials to medieval children. William was born in Hatfield Herts (Hertfordshire). This is the location where the Hatfield House was built.

Hatfield is situated in the south of Hertfordshire, 20 miles north of London. The town's history reaches back to Saxon times.

One of the first mentions of the area of Hatfield was in a set record keeping books ordered by King Alfred the Great. It mentions that in the year 633 AD that "This year King Edwin was slain by Cadwalla and Penda, on Hatfield moor, on the fourteenth of October."

The next mention is in the year 680 AD -- "This year Archbishop Theodore appointed a synod at Hatfield; because he was desirous of rectifying the belief of Christ"

Thomas de Hatfield was born in a manor house that was built in Haethfelth / Hatfield and later became the Bishop of Durham in 1345. Durham is located about 60 miles north of York. Bishops of Durham were thought of as Prince Bishops and ruled independent of the Crown. Thomas was one of the most powerful of these Prince Bishops. He worked closely with Edward III and these close ties are celebrated with elements of the Kings crest engraved into the Bishop's throne. Thomas granted 3 acres of land on the east side of the city to the monks of the Order of Mount Carmel so they could build a monastery. The area is now known as Friargate and the old stones of the monastery were remade into a wall there.

-----

William de Hatfield: Son of , King Edward III
HATFIELD, a parish-town, in the upper-division of Strafforth and Tickhill (the seat of W. Gossip, Esq.) 4 miles from Thorne, 8 from Doncaster, 11 from Bawtry, 34 from York. Pop. 1,948. The Church is a perpetual curacy, dedicated to St. Lawrence, in the deanry of Doncaster, value, p.r. £80. 4s. 3d. Patron, Lord Deerhurst, in right of his Wife. Bacon styles it a vicarage, value, £15. 5s.
On Hatfield Heath, a bloody battle was fought between Ceadwalla, King of the Britons, and Penda, the Pagan King of Mercia, against Edwin, the first Christian King of Northumberland, in which Edwin, and Offrid his eldest son, were slain. --Rapin. --Drake.

In the old Manor House here, was born, William, the second son of King Edward III. from which place he took the name of William de Hatfield. The Queen, Phillippa, his mother, on this occasion, gave five marks per annum to the neighboring Abbey of Roche, and five nobles to the Monks there, which sums, when he died, were transferred to the church of York, where the Prince was buried, to pray for his soul. --Drake.

The extensive level of Hatfield Chace, the largest in England, contains within its limits, above 180,000 acres, one half of which was covered with water, till Charles I. sold it to Sir Cornelius Vermuiden, a Dutchman, without the consent of the commissioners and tenants, to drain and cultivate; which to the general surprise, he at length effected, at the expense of about £400,000. But the affair involved him in tedious and ruinous law suits. --Hist. Doncaster.

In 1811, an Act was obtained for inclosing between eight and nine thousand acres of rich common in this neighbourhood, which must be ultimately productive of great public and private advantage.

In the centre of this chace, at a place called Lindholme, tradition relates, there formerly lived a Hermit, called William of Lindholme. Of his cell a particular account is given in the Gents. Mag. for 1747, written by George Stovin, Esq. of Crowle, and copied into the Hist. of Doncaster. Mr. Stovin's Letter is dated Aug. 31, 1727. It was situated to the middle of sixty acres of firm sandy ground, full of pebbles; at the east end stood an altar, made of hewn stone, and at the west end is the hermit's grave, covered with a freestone slab, under it were found a tooth, a scull, the thigh and shin bones of a human body, all of a very large size; likewise a peck of hemp seed, and a piece of beaten copper. A farmhouse now occupies the site of the cell.

The Church is a large handsome building, having a lofty elegant tower, and although originally Saxon, the present structure is not older than the reign of Henry III. In it are several monuments of the Hatfield family, and one of Abraham de la Pryme. --Hist. Doncaster.

[Description(s) from Langdale's Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire. (1822)]
------

Thomas Hatfield was buried in 1381 below the Bishop's Throne that he built in Durham Cathedral.

In the small town of Hatfield there is still an old Norman church dating from the 12th century. There are also manors and estates belonging to the Hatfield family near Thorp Arch, east of York, north of Leeds.

The Hatfield House has a long history. The original Royal Palace of Hatfield dates back to 1497. It was there that Elizabeth I spent most of her childhood until her succession to the throne in 1558. James I went on to trade the property to Sir Robert Cecil in exchange for Thebolds Park. Sir Robert began construction on the new Hatfield House in 1607 - 1611.

The great hall of the old palace still stands adjacent to the newer Hatfield House. Today the older palace is used chiefly as a banquet hall.

In nearby Nottingham many who bear the name of Hatfield can still be found. The Historic Houses Association lists several other manors and estates with the Hatfield name: Hatfield Hall in Yorkshire, Hatfield Priory in Essex 1768, Hatfield Place (Pond's farm) in Essex 1791.

+ 113 M    v. Duke Lionel of Clarence [18454] was born on 29 Nov 1338 in Antwerp and died on 17 Oct 1368 in Alba, Itlay at age 29.

+ 114 M    vi. Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt" [18463] was born in Mar 1340 in Abbey of St. Bavon, Ghent, Belgium and died on 3 Feb 1399 in London at age 58.

   115 M    vii. Duke of York Edmund Plantagenet [18670] was born on 5 Jun 1341 in King's Langley, Hertfordshire, England and died in 1 Aug in King's Langley, Hertfordshire, England.

General Notes: born June 5, 1341, King's Langley, Hertfordshire, Eng.
died Aug. 1, 1402, King's Langley

Also called (1362–85) Earl Of Cambridge fourth surviving legitimate son of King Edward III of England and founder of the House of York as a branch of the Plantagenet dynasty.

Created earl of Cambridge in 1362 and duke of York in 1385, Edmund was the least able of Edward III's sons, and in the political strife of Richard II's reign he played an ineffective part. Between 1359 and 1378 he served without distinction in several campaigns in France, Spain, and Brittany, and his one independent command, the Lisbon expedition of 1381–82 to aid King Ferdinand of Portugal against Castile, was a failure. York was appointed keeper of the realm during Richard II's absence in Ireland in 1394–95, and again on the King's departure for his second Irish expedition in May 1399. When Henry of Lancaster (afterward King Henry IV) invaded England (July), York tried to organize resistance, but he soon submitted (July 27), recognizing that Richard's cause was lost.

Noted events in his life were:

• Titles: Duke of York
Earl of Cambridge

Edmund married Isabella Castile [18671] [MRIN: 6410]. Isabella was born c1355 and died c1392 at age 37.

Edmund next married Joan de Holland [18672] [MRIN: 6411].

   116 F    viii. Blanche Plantagenet [18673] was born in 1342 and died in 1342.

   117 F    ix. Mary Plantagenet [18674] was born in 1344 and died in 1362 at age 18.

Mary married Duke of Brittany John de Montfort IV [18675] [MRIN: 6412]. John was born in 1339 and died in 1399 at age 60.

   118 F    x. Margaret Plantagenet [18676] was born in 1346 and died in 1361 at age 15.

Margaret married Earl of Pembroke John Hastings [18677] [MRIN: 6413]. John was born in 1347 and died in 1375 at age 28.

   119 M    xi. Thomas Plantagenet [18678] was born in 1347 and died in 1348 at age 1.

   120 M    xii. William Plantagenet [18679] was born in 1348 and died in 1348.

   121 M    xiii. Duke of Gloucester Thomas Plantagenet [18680] was born in 1355 and died in 1397 at age 42.

Thomas married Eleanor de Bohun [18681] [MRIN: 6414]. Eleanor was born c1366 and died in 1399 at age 33.

99. Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid" [18977] was born on 29 Sep 1328 and died on 8 Aug 1385 at age 56.

Joan married Earl Thomas de Holand I [18978] [MRIN: 6507] in 1338. Thomas was born in 1314 in Upholland, Lancashire, England and died on 8 Dec 1360 in Normandy, France at age 46.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 122 M    i. Thomas de Holand II [18979] was born about 1350 in Upholland, Lancashire, England and died on 25 Apr 1397 in Arundel Castle, Sussex, England about age 47.

100. Eleanor of Lancaster [18584] was born in 1311 in Grismond Castle, Monmouth, England and died on 11 Jan 1372 in Arundel, Sussex, England at age 61.

Eleanor married Richard FitzAlan [18576] [MRIN: 6363]. Richard was born in 1313 in Arundel, Sussex, England and died on 24 Jan 1376 in Arundel, Sussex, England at age 63.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 123 M    i. Richard FitzAlan [18071] was born in 1346 and died in 1397 at age 51.

+ 124 F    ii. Alice FitzAlan [18578] was born in 1352 in Arundel, Sussex, England and died on 17 May 1416 at age 64.

Eleanor next married John Beaumont [18577] [MRIN: 6367] about Jun 1337. John was born in 1318 and died in May 1342 at age 24.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 125 M    i. Henry de Beaumont [18585] was born in 1340 and died on 25 Jun 1369 at age 29.

  Fourteenth Generation  

101. Gwilym ap Jenkin [18107] .

Gwilym married.

His child was:

+ 126 F    i. Ann verch Gwilym [18108] .

102. Nicholas Poyntz [18220] died in 1376.

Nicholas married.

His child was:

+ 127 F    i. Margaret Poyntz [18221] .

103. John de Botetourte [19089] was born c1333 in Mendleshom, Suffolk, England and died in 1377 in Hamerton, Huntingtonshire, England at age 44.

John married Katherine de Weyland [19090] [MRIN: 6562]. Katherine was born about 1337 and died after 1377.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 128 M    i. Sir John Knyvet II [19091] was born about 1358 and died on 4 Dec 1418 in Mendleshom, Suffolk, England about age 60.

104. Amy (Joan) de Gaveston [18250] was born about 6 Jan 1312.

Amy married John de Driby [18251] [MRIN: 6190] in 1334. John was born about 1310 and died after 30 Nov 1357.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 129 F    i. Alice de Driby [18252] was born about 1340 and died on 12 Oct 1412 about age 72.

105. Baroness Margaret de Audley [18280] was born about 1318 and died on 16 Sep 1349 in Tonbridge, Kent about age 31.

Margaret married Sir Ralph de Stafford [18281] [MRIN: 6207] before 6 Jul 1336. Ralph was born on 24 Sep 1301 in Tunbridge Castle, Staffordshire, England and died on 31 Aug 1372 in Tunbridge Castle, Staffordshire, England at age 70.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 130 F    i. Katherine de Stafford [18282] was born in 1340 in Tunbridge Castle, Staffordshire, England and died before 25 Dec 1361.

106. Elizabeth de Bohun [18072] died in 1385.

Elizabeth married Richard FitzAlan [18071] [MRIN: 6096], son of Richard FitzAlan [18576] and Eleanor of Lancaster [18584]. Richard was born in 1346 and died in 1397 at age 51.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 131 F    i. Elizabeth FitzAlan [18069] was born about 1366 and died in 1425 about age 59.

+ 132 F    ii. Joan FitzAlan [18371] was born after 1359.

+ 133 F    iii. Alice FitzAlan [18400] was born about 1373.

107. Pernel Butler [18323] was born in 1327 and died in 1365 at age 38.

Pernel married Baron Gilbert Talbot IV [18324] [MRIN: 6230] before 8 Sep 1352. Gilbert was born about 1332 in Eccleswall, Herefordshire and died on 24 Apr 1387 in Roales, Spain about age 55.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 134 M    i. Lord Richard de Talbot VII [18325] was born about 1361 and died on 9 Sep 1396 in London, England about age 35.

108. Henry V Lancaster [20078] was born in 1387 and died in 1422 at age 35.

General Notes: born Sept. 16, 1387, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales
died Aug. 31, 1422, Bois de Vincennes, Fr.

King of England (1413–22) of the House of Lancaster, son of Henry IV. As victor of the Battle of Agincourt (1415, in the Hundred Years' War with France), he made England one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe.

Henry was the eldest son of Henry, earl of Derby (afterward Henry IV), by Mary de Bohun. On his father's exile in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge, treated him kindly, and knighted him in 1399. Henry's uncle, Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, seems to have been responsible for his training, and, despite his early entry into public life, he was well educated by the standards of his time. He grew up fond of music and reading and became the first English king who could both read and write with ease in the vernacular tongue. On Oct. 15, 1399, after his father had become king, Henry was created earl of Chester, duke of Cornwall, and prince of Wales, and soon afterward, duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster. From October 1400 the administration of Wales was conducted in his name, and in 1403 he took over actual command of the war against the Welsh rebels, a struggle that absorbed much of his restless energy until 1408. Thereafter he began to demand a voice in government and a place on the council, in opposition to his ailing father and Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury. The stories of Prince Henry's reckless and dissolute youth, immortalized by Shakespeare, and of the sudden change that overtook him when he became king, have been traced back to within 20 years of his death and cannot be dismissed as pure fabrication. This does not involve accepting them in the exaggerated versions of the Elizabethan playwrights, to which the known facts of his conduct in war and council provide a general contradiction. Probably they represent no more than the natural ebullience of a young man whose energies found insufficient constructive outlet. The most famous incident, his quarrel with the chief justice, Sir William Gascoigne, was a Tudor invention, first related in 1531.

Henry succeeded his father on March 21, 1413. In the early years of his reign his position was threatened by an abortive Lollard rising (January 1414) and by a conspiracy (July 1415) of Richard of York, earl of Cambridge, and Henry, Lord Scrope of Masham, in favour of Edmund Mortimer, earl of March. On each occasion Henry was forewarned and the opposition was suppressed without mercy. Neither incident long distracted him from his chief concern: his ambitious policy toward France. Not content with a demand for possession of Aquitaine and other lands ceded by the French at the Treaty of Calais (1360), he also laid claim to Normandy, Touraine, and Maine (the former Angevin holdings) and to parts of France that had never been in English hands. Although such demands were unlikely to be conceded even by the distracted government of France under King Charles VI, Henry seems to have convinced himself that his claims were just and not a merely cynical cover for calculated aggression. Yet if “the way of justice” failed, he was ready to turn to “the way of force”; and warlike preparations were well advanced long before the negotiations with Charles, initiated during the reign of Richard II, were finally broken off in June 1415.

Henry V's true genius is revealed in the planning and execution of his subsequent campaigns for the conquest of France. Before hostilities began, his diplomatic skill was exerted in an effort to secure the support or at least the neutrality of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. His attempts to deprive France of maritime assistance show an awareness of the importance of sea power unusual in medieval kings, and after the Battle of the Seine (August 1416), England's naval mastery of the Channel was not seriously disputed. At home, Henry turned to the systematic financing of his projected invasion, partly through large-scale borrowing, partly through parliamentary taxation, the generosity of which reflects his success in arousing national enthusiasm for the war. Henry began the struggle with the wholehearted support of the magnates and the backing of a united nation. His military strategy was conceived with equal ability. It stands in marked contrast with the haphazard and spasmodic operations of the English in France in the previous century. His main objective, to which the winning of battles was largely irrelevant, was the systematic reduction of the great towns and fortresses of northern France. These, kept as headquarters of permanent English garrisons, would become focal points for the subjection of the surrounding countryside; behind the soldiers were to come administrators and tax collectors, who would make the war pay for itself. Despite the forethought and grasp this plan displayed, its execution took longer than Henry had anticipated. It absorbed his energies for seven years and brought him to an early grave.

His first campaign brought the capture of Harfleur (September 1415) and the great victory of Agincourt (Oct. 25, 1415). This resounding triumph made Henry the diplomatic arbiter of Europe: it won him a visit (1416) from the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund, with whom he made a treaty of alliance at Canterbury (1416) and whose influence was used to detach Genoa from its naval alliance with France. The cooperation of the two rulers led directly to the ending of the papal schism through the election of Martin V (1417), an objective that Henry had much at heart. Thereafter he returned to the long, grim war of sieges and the gradual conquest of Normandy. Rouen, the capital of northern France, surrendered in January 1419, and the murder of Duke John of Burgundy in September 1419 brought him the Burgundian alliance. These successes forced the French to agree to the Treaty of Troyes on May 21, 1420. Henry was recognized as heir to the French throne and regent of France, and Catherine, the daughter of Charles, was married to him on June 2. He was now at the height of his power: but his triumph was short-lived. His health grew worse at the sieges of Melun and Meaux, and he died of camp fever at the château of Vincennes in 1422.

Henry's character is by no means wholly admirable. Hard and domineering, he was intolerant of opposition and could be ruthless and cruel in pursuit of his policy. His lack of chivalrous qualities deprives him of any claim to be regarded as “the typical medieval hero.” Yet contemporaries united in praising his love of justice, and even French writers of his own day admired him as a brave, loyal, and upright man, an honorable fighter, and a commanding personality in whom there was little of the mean and the paltry. Although personally lacking in warmth, he had the capacity to inspire devotion in others, and he possessed high qualities of leadership. His piety was genuine, and on his deathbed he expressed a last wish that he might live to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem in a new crusade. In respect of ability, he must rank high among English kings. His achievement was remarkable: it has been rightly observed that “he found a nation weak and drifting and after nine years left it dominant in Europe.” The tragedy of his reign was that he used his great gifts not for constructive reform at home but to commit his country to a dubious foreign war. His premature death made success abroad unlikely and condemned England to a long, difficult minority rule by his successor.

Henry married Katherine of France [20082] [MRIN: 6826]. Katherine was born in 1401 and died in 1437 at age 36.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 135 M    i. Henry VI Lancaster [20079] was born in 1421 and died in 1471 at age 50.

109. Edward Plantagenet "Black Prince" [18651] was born on 15 Jun 1330 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England and died on 8 Jun 1376 in Westminster, England at age 45.

General Notes: born June 15, 1330, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Eng.
died June 8, 1376, Westminster, near London

Also called Edward Of Woodstock, Prince D'aquitaine, Prince Of Wales, Duke Of Cornwall, Earl Of Chester son and heir apparent of Edward III of England and one of the outstanding commanders during the Hundred Years' War, winning his major victory at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). His sobriquet, said to have come from his wearing black armour, has no contemporary justification and is found first in Richard Grafton's Chronicle of England (1568).

Edward was created Earl of Chester (March 1333), Duke of Cornwall (February 1337)—the first appearance of this rank in England—and Prince of Wales (May 1343); he was Prince of Aquitaine from 1362 to 1372. His first campaign was served under his father in northern France (1346–47), and at the Battle of Crécy (Aug. 26, 1346) he won both his spurs and the famous ostrich plumes and with them the mottoes used by himself and subsequent princes of Wales, homout; ich dene (“Courage; I serve”; the words are here spelled as Edward himself wrote them; later variants include houmout and ich dien or ich diene). One of the original Knights of the Garter, he was sent to France with independent command in 1355, winning his most famous victory over the French at Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356. The French king John II,brought captive to England, was treated by the prince with a celebrated courtesy, but he was obligated to pay a ransom of 3,000,000 gold crowns and to negotiate the treaties of Brétigny and Calais (1360) by which Aquitaine was ceded to the English.

Edward married his cousin Joan, the divorced and widowed Countess of Kent, in October 1361. He was created Prince of Aquitaine in July 1362 and left England in 1363 to take up his duties. His powers and his opportunities were great, but his rule was a failure, and he himself was largely to blame. His court at Bordeaux, that of a foreign conqueror, was extravagant; the 13 sénéchaussées into which the principality was divided administratively followed their earlier French pattern and allowed local French loyalties to subsist; his relations with the many bishops were unfriendly, while the greater nobles, Arnaud-Amanieu, sire d'Albret, Gaston II, Count de Foix, and Jean I, Count d'Armagnac, were hostile. He summoned several estates, or parliaments, but always to levy taxes. In 1367 he undertook to restore Peter the Cruel of Castile to his throne, and though he won a classic victory at Nájera on April 3, 1367, the campaign ruined his health, his finances, and any prospect of sound rule in Aquitaine, where, in 1368, the nobles and prelates appealed against him to Charles V of France as suzerain. Edward's reply to the French king's citation to answer the appellants before the parlement of Paris in May 1369 is well known—he would appear with 60,000 men at his back. He had, however, alienated the towns and peasantry as well as the nobles; and by March 1369 more than 900 towns, castles, and strong places had declared against him. Relying on mercenaries whom he could not afford to pay, he was powerless to quell the revolt, and the terrible sack of Limoges (October 1370) merely redounded to his discredit. He returned to England a sick and broken man in January 1371 and formally surrendered his principality to his father in October 1372, alleging that the revenues of the country were insufficient to defray his expenses. He had no successor as Prince of Aquitaine.

Edward's position in England, where, throughout his life, he was heir apparent, was that of a typical 14th-century magnate. The registers of his household from 1346 to 1348 and from 1351 to 1365 have survived and add to what is known of him from the chroniclers and from his biographer, the herald of Sir John Chandos. In one important respect all of these sources paint the same picture, that of a man constantly living beyond his means. His generosity, however, extended to his tenants as well as to his knightly companions, and faithful service was rewarded, as in 1356 when the ferry of Saltash was granted to William Lenche, who had lost an eye at Poitiers.

The prince visited Chester in 1353 and again in 1358. Cheshire furnished many of his archers, who wore a rudimentary uniform of a short coat and hatof green and white cloth with the green on the right. Despite his title, however, Edward did not visit Wales.

He appears to have shared the interests of his class—jousting, falconry, hunting, gaming. He was literate and conventionally pious, substantially endowing a religious house at Ashridge (1376). He had the customary fine presence of the Plantagenets and shared their love of jewels. The Black Prince's ruby in the present imperial state crown may or may not have been given to him by King Peter of Castile after the Battle of Nájera, but he would certainly have prized it, as a connoisseur. Similar artistic interest is shown inhis seals, adorned with their ostrich feathers, and in the elegant gold coins that he issued as Prince of Aquitaine.

The last five years of the prince's life are obscure. Some contemporaries suggest that he supported the Commons when political discontent culminated in the Good Parliament of April 1376; but he knew he was dying, and he was probably seeking the best means to ensure the succession of his second—but only surviving—son, Richard of Bordeaux (afterward Richard II). Edward was buried at Canterbury, where his tomb with his accoutrements, restored and renovated, still stands.

Edward married Joan Maid of Kent [18652] [MRIN: 6400]. Joan was born in 1328 and died in 1385 at age 57.

The child from this marriage was:

   136 M    i. King of England Richard Plantagenet II [18682] was born on 6 Jan 1367 in Bordeaux, Gascony, died on 14 Feb 1400 in Pontefract Castle at age 33, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

General Notes: born January 6, 1367, Bordeaux [now in France]
died February 1400, Pontefract, Yorkshire [now in West Yorkshire], England


king of England from 1377 to 1399. An ambitious ruler, with a lofty conception of the royal office, he was deposed by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV), because of his arbitrary and factional rule.

Richard was the younger and only surviving son of Edward, the Black Prince,and his wife, Joan of Kent. Because his father died prematurely in 1376, Richard succeeded his grandfather Edward III as king in June 1377.

The king's early years were overshadowed by the Hundred Years' War, a prolonged struggle with France. The heavy cost of the war led to the introduction in 1377 of a novel, and highly regressive, tax, the poll tax. In November 1380 Parliament granted permission to impose the tax for the third time at a flat rate much higher than before. The tactless attempts the government made in the following year to enforce collection of the tax led to the outbreak of the Peasants' Revolt. Richard's role in ending the Revolt was rightly acclaimed, but it should not be supposed that he was influential in making policy. Almost certainly, the confrontation with the rebels at Smithfield was engineered by a hard-line group of his counselors.

In the years after the Revolt, Richard's interest in the affairs of state intermittently increased. According to the chronicler Thomas Walsingham, a contemporary of Richard's, the choice of Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, as his bride in 1381 was very much Richard's own. By 1383 his personal initiative showed in the choice of his friends and counselors, including two figures of particular importance—Sir Simon Burley, his former tutor, and Burley's ally, Sir Michael de la Pole, chancellor from 1383. Richard was also on close terms with some ambitious younger men, notably Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and the knights Ralph Stafford and James Berners. These younger men were deeply jealous of the power and prestige of John of Gaunt, the duke of Lancaster. Their repeated criticism of the duke and their involvement in an attempt on his life led to an atmosphere of rancour and suspicion at court. By 1385 Richard's relations with the higher nobility were quickly deteriorating.

In October 1386 there was a major crisis in Parliament. In the wake of Lancaster's departure for Spain in July with a large fleet to pursue his claim to the Castilian throne, the French planned an invasion of England. De la Pole, hastily organizing the coastal defences, sought an unprecedentedly large grant of taxation from Parliament. The massive scale of his demand provoked resistance, and the House of Commons clamoured for his resignation. Richard, stung by the Commons' effrontery, retorted that he would not remove one scullion from his kitchen at their behest. Eventually, however, he had to give way. De la Pole was replaced as chancellor and put on trial, and a commission of government was appointed to hold office for a year.

Richard reacted to the Commons' assault by retreating to the Midlands to rally his supporters. At Shrewsbury and Nottingham in August he received vigorous reaffirmation of his rights from the royal courts. News of the judges'opinions frightened the king's critics, who reacted by bringing an accusatio, or formal appeal, against his allies of treason. The Lords Appellant, as they were now called—the duke of Gloucester and the earls of Warwick, Arundel, Nottingham, and Derby—mobilized their retinues in self-defense. Richard dispatched his friend Robert de Vere southward with an armed force, but de Vere was defeated at Radcot Bridge on December 20, 1387. A few days laterLondon was occupied by the Appellants. Richard returned to his capital humiliated.

In the aptly named “Merciless Parliament” that followed, the Appellants purged the court. Two of Richard's main allies were executed, and others were dismissed from office. By the following spring, however, the Appellant tide had subsided. At a council meeting at Westminster on May 3, 1389, Richard formally resumed responsibility for government. He dismissed the Appellants' ministers and appointed new officers of his own. At the same time, he published a manifesto promising better governance and an easing of the burden of taxation.


Richard's mature kingship

In a five-year period beginning in 1389, Richard went some way toward honouring his promises. Taxes fell sharply following a truce with the French in 1389, and from 1389 to 1391 no demands for a tax on “moveable” property were made. Richard also showed greater circumspection in his patronage. Previously he had concentrated favour on just a few, but he now rewarded a wider circle, though each in smaller measure.

Yet the seeming moderation of Richard's rule was matched by a strong emphasis on the reassertion of royal authority. Richard was determined never again to suffer a humiliation of the kind inflicted upon him by the Appellants. Accordingly, in the 1390s he developed a program to strengthen the material foundations of his rule. In a novel initiative he built up a large baronial-style affinity, whose members wore the king's badge of the white hart. At the same time, he attracted to the central offices of government a corps of hard-working ministers deeply committed to his cause, notably John Waltham, the treasurer (1391–95), and Edmund Stafford, the chancellor (1396–99). Richard also sought to enhance the dignity and mystique of his monarchy. He encouraged lofty new forms of address—for example, “your highness” or “your majesty,” instead of “my lord.” He also elaborated the ceremony and protocol of his court, making the rebuilt Westminster Hall the focus of a grand monarchical cult. He stressed the quasi-religious dimension to his kingship, and solemn crown-wearings in Westminster Abbey formed an increasingly important part of his kingly ritual.

The highly assertive nature of his kingship revealed itself in his first expedition to Ireland. In 1394–95 he led a substantial force there to buttress the position of the English administration. The native Irish were overawed bythe presence of an English king, and the local chieftains, or “High Kings,” all attended the court in Dublin to submit to his authority. In letters of submission made for the penitent chieftains, Richard articulated his politicalvision. Rebellion and disobedience were to be rewarded with appropriate punishment, the rebel Irish were to enter into the king's obedience, and all Irish, of whatever status, were to perform their accustomed obligations to him.

The exalted notions that Richard articulated in Ireland formed the background for his dramatic reassertion of royal authority two years later in England. In July 1397 Richard ordered the arrest of the senior Appellants—Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick. The first two were imprisoned and executed, and the last exiled to the Isle of Man. In letters thathe sent to foreign rulers shortly afterward, Richard justified his actions in terms of his political beliefs. He said that the lords' earlier rebellion and disobedience called for “an avenging punishment” that would “thresh the traitors out even to the husk,” and that the destruction and ruin of their persons would bring to his subjects a “peace” that would last forever. By peace, Richard meant not only the absence of war but also “unity,” the foundation of a strong realm.

But Richard's peace was illusory. In reality, his entourage was riddled with factions and feuds. In January 1398 a quarrel broke out between Henry Bolingbroke, Lancaster's son, and the king's former ally, Thomas Mowbray (Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Nottingham). Mowbray apparently warned Bolingbroke of a plot by some of the king's intimates to destroy the Lancastrian inheritance. Bolingbroke reported the conversation to the king, who ordered that the conflict created by this betrayal of confidence be settledby a trial by combat. A day was set for the adversaries to meet, but at the last moment Richard, fearful of Bolingbroke's possible victory, cancelled the engagement and gave judgment himself. Bolingbroke was sentenced to exile for 10 years, and Mowbray for life.

In February 1399 Lancaster died, and Richard took possession of his inheritance. Three months later, his coffers replenished with Lancastrian gold, Richard set off again for Ireland; the settlement of 1395 was in danger of unraveling, and his personal attention was required. While he was away, his cousin Bolingbroke returned from exile. Landing in Yorkshire, the duke met the earl of Northumberland and quickly won his support. Then he begana triumphant march across central and western England. Richard was slow to return from Ireland. By the time he reached Wales in mid-July, popular support for him had melted away, and in the meantime York, “the keeper of the realm,” had ceased resistance. Around August 15 Richard surrendered to Northumberland at Conway. Northumberland took him under guard to Bolingbroke at Flint; from there he was taken to Chester and later to London.

In September Bolingbroke summoned a Parliament in his adversary's name, and a committee was appointed to draft articles of deposition. On September 29, after a series of meetings in the Tower of London, Richard was induced to lay aside his crown. On the following day the king's statement of abdication was read in Parliament and approved. The assembly also assented to the articles of deposition, because abdication alone, as an act that could be rescinded, was insufficient. When the proceedings were concluded, Richard was taken from the Tower to Leeds and later to Pontefract. In January 1400 a group of his former courtiers, led by the earl of Salisbury, plotted to restore him to the throne. Their rebellion was crushed, but it convinced Bolingbroke, by now Henry IV, that he could nolonger allow Richard to live. Sometime in February the former king was put to death; by what means is not known. After a requiem mass at St. Paul's Cathedral, the body was obscurely interred at King's Langley, England. Earlyin Henry V's reign Richard was given honourable burial in the tomb that he had made for himself in Westminster Abbey.


Character and ideas

Richard articulated a radically new vision of kingship in England, rejecting the tradition of warrior monarchy epitomized by Edward III. Richard's kingship owed much to the ideas of the 13th-century writer Giles of Rome. Giles argued that all personal honour and privilege flowed from the king, whom the subjects should obey. Richard said the same about honour in hispatents of ennoblement, and he and his ministers likewise emphasized the need for obedience. Giles's influence on the king overlapped with that of Roman law. In the deposition articles, the king was alleged to have cited the Roman legal principle that “the laws were in his mouth...or alternatively in his breast.” However, Richard's political outlook also owed much to his religion. He was a man of deep piety who saw government as a burden placed on him by God. He believed it his duty to ensure the acceptability of his government to God. In order to win such acceptability, he took firm action against the English heresy of Lollardy. Indeed, the epitaph on his tomb expressed the pride that he took in “suppressing the heretics and scattering their friends.” He was devoted to the saints and delighted in reports of miracles, because they strengthened his faith. He showed particular devotion to the cult of St. Edward the Confessor, whose reputation for “peace” validated Richard's own search for “peace.” He also was strongly devoted to two other saints, St. Edmund and St. John the Baptist. All three saints are shown as his sponsors on that icon of Ricardian kingship, the Wilton Diptych.

Richard was a tall, vigorous man, handsome with fair hair, highly self-conscious, and much preoccupied with his self-image. There are indications that he had the characteristics of a narcissistic personality. The very public way in which he achieved his ends in and after 1397 can best be understood in terms of the narcissist's craving for recognition and outward success.

Noted events in his life were:

• Titles: King of England
Prince of Wales
Earl of Cornwall
Earl of Chester

Richard married Anne de Bohemia [18683] [MRIN: 6415], daughter of King/Emperor Charles de Bohemia IV [18686] and Unknown, in Jan 1382 in Westminster. Anne was born in 1366 and died in 1394 at age 28.

Richard next married Isabella de France [18684] [MRIN: 6416], daughter of Emperor/King Charles de France VI [18685] and Unknown, on 4 Nov 1396. Isabella was born in 1389 and died in 1409 at age 20.

113. Duke Lionel of Clarence [18454] was born on 29 Nov 1338 in Antwerp and died on 17 Oct 1368 in Alba, Itlay at age 29.

General Notes: born Nov. 29, 1338, Antwerp
died Oct. 17, 1368, Alba, Italy

Also called (1346–62) Earl Of Ulster second surviving son of King Edward III of England and ancestor of Edward IV.

Before he was four years of age Lionel was betrothed to Elizabeth (d. 1363), daughter and heiress of William de Burgh, earl of Ulster (d. 1333), and he entered nominally into possession of her great Irish inheritance. Having been named as his father's representative in England in 1345 and again in 1346, Lionel was created earl of Ulster and joined (in 1355) an expedition into France, but his chief energies were reserved for the affairs of Ireland. Appointed governor of that country, he landed at Dublin in September 1361. In November 1362 he was created duke of Clarence and in the following year his father made an abortive attempt to secure for him the succession to the crown of Scotland.

His efforts to secure an effective authority over his Irish lands were only moderately successful, and after holding a parliament at Kilkenny, which passed the celebrated Statute of Kilkenny in 1366, he threw up his task in disgust and returned to England. At Milan, on May 28, 1368, he married Violante, only daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, lord of Pavia, who brought him a rich dowry. Several months were then spent in festivities, during which Lionel was taken ill and died at Alba.

His only child, Philippa (1355–81), a daughter by his first wife, married in 1368 Edmund Mortimer (1352–81), 3rd earl of March, and through this union Clarence became an ancestor of Edward IV.

Lionel married Elizabeth de Burgh [18455] [MRIN: 6298]. Elizabeth died in 1363.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 137 F    i. Countess Philippa of Clarence [18456] was born on 16 Aug 1355 in Eltham Palace, Kent, England and died on 1 Jul 1381 at age 25.

Lionel next married Yolande Visconte [18657] [MRIN: 6402]. Yolande was born c1353 and died in 1386 at age 33.

114. Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt" [18463] was born in Mar 1340 in Abbey of St. Bavon, Ghent, Belgium and died on 3 Feb 1399 in London at age 58.

General Notes: born March 1340, Ghent
died Feb. 3, 1399, London

Also called (1342–62) earl of Richmond, or (from 1390) duc (duke) d'Aquitaine English prince, fourth but third surviving son of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainaut; he exercised a moderating influence in the political and constitutional struggles of the reign of his nephew Richard II. He was the immediate ancestor of the three 15th-century Lancastrian monarchs, Henry IV, V, and VI. The term Gaunt, a corruption of the name of his birthplace, Ghent, was never employed after he was three years old; it became the popularly accepted form of his name through its use in Shakespeare's play Richard II.

Through his first wife, Blanche (d. 1369), John, in 1362, acquired the duchy of Lancaster and the vast Lancastrian estates in England and Wales. From 1367 to 1374 he served as a commander in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) against France. On his return he obtained the chief influence with his father, but he had serious opponents among a group of powerful prelates who aspired to hold state offices. He countered their hostility by forming a curious alliance with the religious reformer John Wycliffe. Despite John's extreme unpopularity, he maintained his position after the accession of his ten-year-old nephew, Richard II, in 1377, and from 1381 to 1386 he mediated between the King's party and the opposition group led by John's younger brother, Thomas Woodstock, earl of Gloucester.

In 1386 John departed for Spain to pursue his claim to the kingship of Castile and Leon based upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371. The expedition was a military failure. John renounced his claim in 1388, but he married his daughter, Catherine, to the young nobleman who eventually became King Henry III of Castile and Leon.

Meanwhile, in England, war had nearly broken out between the followers of King Richard II and the followers of Gloucester. John returned in 1389 and resumed his role as peacemaker.

His wife Constance died in 1394, and two years later he married his mistress, Catherine Swynford. In 1397 he obtained legitimization of the four children born to her before their marriage. This family, the Beauforts, played an important part in 15th-century politics. When John died in 1399, Richard II confiscated the Lancastrian estates, thereby preventing them from passing to John's son, Henry Bolingbroke. Henry then deposed Richard and in September 1399 ascended the throne as King Henry IV.

John married Katherine Swynford [18464] [MRIN: 6303] on 13 Jan 1396. Katherine was born in 1350 and died on 10 May 1403 at age 53.

Noted events in her life were:

• Mistress: Katherine was John's mistress before their marriage in 1396 and their children were later legitimized by the Pope.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 138 M    i. Earl of Somerset John Beaufort [18465] was born in 1373 and died on 16 Mar 1410 at age 37.

+ 139 M    ii. Cardinal Henry Beaufort of Winchester [18401] was born c1374 and died on 11 Apr 1447 in Winchester Castle, Hampshire, England at age 73.

   140 M    iii. Duke of Exeter Thomas Lancaster [18668] was born c1377 and died in 1427 at age 50.

Thomas married Margaret Neville [18669] [MRIN: 6409].

+ 141 F    iv. Joan de Beaufort [18508] was born in 1379 in Beaufort Castle, Anjou, France and died on 13 Nov 1445 in Howden, Yorkshire, England at age 66.

John next married Constance de Pedro (Castile) [18658] [MRIN: 6403], daughter of King Pedro Castile I [18659] and Unknown, in 1371. Constance died in 1394.

The child from this marriage was:

   142 F    i. Katherine Lancaster [18660] was born about 1372 and died in 1418 about age 46.

Katherine married King Enrique Castile III [18661] [MRIN: 6405]. Enrique was born in 1379 and died in 1406 at age 27.

John next married Blanche de Lancaster [18662] [MRIN: 6406]. Blanche was born in 1345 and died in 1369 at age 24.

Children from this marriage were:

   143 F    i. Philippa Lancaster [18663] died c1378.

Philippa married John of Portugal I [18664] [MRIN: 6407]. John was born in 1357 and died in 1433 at age 76.

   144 F    ii. Elizabeth Lancaster [18665] was born in 1363 and died in 1426 at age 63.

Elizabeth married Duke of Exeter John de Holland [18666] [MRIN: 6408]. John was born c1352 and died in 1400 at age 48.

+ 145 M    iii. King Henry Bolingbroke Lancaster IV [18667] was born on 2 Apr 1367 in Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, England, died on 20 Mar 1413 in Westminster Abbey, London at age 45, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.

122. Thomas de Holand II [18979] was born about 1350 in Upholland, Lancashire, England and died on 25 Apr 1397 in Arundel Castle, Sussex, England about age 47.

Thomas married Alice FitzAlan [18578] [MRIN: 6364], daughter of Richard FitzAlan [18576] and Eleanor of Lancaster [18584], on 10 Apr 1364. Alice was born in 1352 in Arundel, Sussex, England and died on 17 May 1416 at age 64.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 146 M    i. Earl Edmund of Holland III [18579] was born on 6 Jan 1382 in Brockenhurst, Kent, England and died on 15 Sep 1408 in Isle de Brehant, Cotes-Du-Nord, France at age 26.

   147 F    ii. Margaret of Holland [19063] was born in 1385 and died on 31 Dec 1440 at age 55.

Margaret married Marquess John Beaufort [19064] [MRIN: 6550].

123. Richard FitzAlan [18071] was born in 1346 and died in 1397 at age 51.

Richard married Elizabeth de Bohun [18072] [MRIN: 6096], daughter of Earl William de Bohun [18073] and Elizabeth de Badlesmere [18074]. Elizabeth died in 1385.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 106)

124. Alice FitzAlan [18578] was born in 1352 in Arundel, Sussex, England and died on 17 May 1416 at age 64.

Alice married Thomas de Holand II [18979] [MRIN: 6364], son of Earl Thomas de Holand I [18978] and Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid" [18977], on 10 Apr 1364. Thomas was born about 1350 in Upholland, Lancashire, England and died on 25 Apr 1397 in Arundel Castle, Sussex, England about age 47.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 122)

125. Henry de Beaumont [18585] was born in 1340 and died on 25 Jun 1369 at age 29.

Henry married Margaret De Vere [18586] [MRIN: 6368] about 1360. Margaret was born about 1344 and died on 15 Jun 1398 about age 54.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 148 M    i. John de Beaumont [18587] was born in 1361 and died on 9 Sep 1396 at age 35.

  Fifteenth Generation  

126. Ann verch Gwilym [18108] .

Ann married Hywel ap Gruffudd Fab [18109] [MRIN: 6118].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 149 M    i. Hywel Fychan ap Hywel [18110] .

127. Margaret Poyntz [18221] .

Margaret married Unknown Newburgh [18222] [MRIN: 6172].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 150 M    i. John Newburgh [18223] .

128. Sir John Knyvet II [19091] was born about 1358 and died on 4 Dec 1418 in Mendleshom, Suffolk, England about age 60.

John married Margaret Knyvet [19092] [MRIN: 6563]. Margaret was born in 1355 and died after 1467.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 151 M    i. Sir Thomas Eychingham [19093] was born about 1401 in Etchingham, Sussex, England and died on 20 Jan 1483 about age 82.

129. Alice de Driby [18252] was born about 1340 and died on 12 Oct 1412 about age 72.

Alice married Sir Anketil Malory [18253] [MRIN: 6191] before 1375. Anketil was born about 1340 and died on 26 Mar 1393 in Kirkby Mallory, Leicestershire about age 53.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 152 F    i. Ela Malory [18254] .

130. Katherine de Stafford [18282] was born in 1340 in Tunbridge Castle, Staffordshire, England and died before 25 Dec 1361.

Katherine married Sir John de Sutton III [18283] [MRIN: 6208] on 25 Dec 1357. John was born about Nov 1338 and died in 1370 in France about age 32.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 153 M    i. Sir John de Sutton IV [18284] was born on 6 Dec 1361 in Coleshill, Arden, Warwickshire and died on 10 Mar 1396 at age 34.

131. Elizabeth FitzAlan [18069] was born about 1366 and died in 1425 about age 59.

Elizabeth married Robert Goushill [18068] [MRIN: 6094]. Robert died in 1403.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 154 F    i. Joan Goushill [18067] died after 1459.

Elizabeth next married Duke Thomas de Mowbray [18070] [MRIN: 6095]. Thomas was born on 22 Mar 1366 in Epworth, Isle of Axholme, Lincolnshire and died on 22 Sep 1399 in Venice, Italy at age 33.

132. Joan FitzAlan [18371] was born after 1359.

Joan married Baron William de Beauchamp [18372] [MRIN: 6255]. William was born after 1330 and died on 8 May 1411.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 155 F    i. Joan de Beauchamp [18373] was born about 1400 and died in 1430 about age 30.

133. Alice FitzAlan [18400] was born about 1373.

Alice married Cardinal Henry Beaufort of Winchester [18401] [MRIN: 6272], son of Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt" [18463] and Katherine Swynford [18464]. Henry was born c1374 and died on 11 Apr 1447 in Winchester Castle, Hampshire, England at age 73.

General Notes: born c. 1374
died April 11, 1447, Winchester, Hampshire, Eng.

Cardinal and bishop of Winchester and a dominant figure in English politics throughout the first 43 years of the 15th century. From about 1435 until 1443 he controlled the government of the weak King Henry VI.

Beaufort's father was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of King Edward III, and his mother was Catherine Swynford. During the reign of his cousin King Richard II, he became chancellor of Oxford University (1397) and bishop of Lincoln (1398).

With the accession of his half brother, Henry IV, in 1399, Beaufort was guaranteed a prominent place in politics. In 1403 he became chancellor of England and a royal councillor. In the following year he was appointed bishop of Winchester, one of the richest sees in the country. He then resigned his chancellorship and led the opposition within the council to Henry IV's chief minister, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury. When Beaufort's nephew and political ally became king as Henry V in 1413, Beaufort again received the chancellorship. In order to climb still higher, the ambitious bishop sought a position with the papacy. Pope Martin V made him a cardinal and papal legate in 1417, but the king, fearing that Beaufort would be an all too effective spokesman for papal policies, soon forced him to resign these ecclesiastical offices.

Upon the accession of the infant Henry VI in 1422, however, Beaufort's talents were allowed to flourish. Already wealthy, he enriched himself further by lending money to the insolvent crown at high interest rates. Beaufort's financing of the state solidifed his power; there was little his enemies could do against the man on whom the solvency of the government depended. Beaufort was made cardinal of St. Eusebius and papal legate in 1426, a move for which he was continually attacked by his uncle, Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, who criticized him for simultaneously holding high positions in church and state. But Beaufort survived Gloucester's sniping, and with the support of the young Henry VI, by the mid-1430s the government was firmly back in his hands. In 1435 and 1439 he attempted without success to negotiate an end to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France, and in 1443 he retired from politics. Beaufort was arrogant, self-serving, and greedy to the point of rapacity, but his political and financial acumen were unrivaled in the England of his time. His career is authoritatively recounted in L.B. Radford's Henry Beaufort (1908).

The child from this marriage was:

+ 156 F    i. Jane Beaufort [18402] was born in 1392.

134. Lord Richard de Talbot VII [18325] was born about 1361 and died on 9 Sep 1396 in London, England about age 35.

Richard married Ankaret le Strange [18326] [MRIN: 6231] before 23 Aug 1383. Ankaret was born in 1361 and died on 1 Jun 1413 at age 52.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 157 F    i. Mary Talbot [18327] was born about 1383 and died on 13 Apr 1433 about age 50.

135. Henry VI Lancaster [20079] was born in 1421 and died in 1471 at age 50.

General Notes: born Dec. 6, 1421, Windsor, Berkshire, Eng.
died May 21, 1471, London

King of England from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471, a pious and studious recluse whose incapacity for government was one of the causes of the Wars of the Roses.

Henry succeeded his father, Henry V, on Sept. 1, 1422, and on the death (Oct. 21, 1422) of his maternal grandfather, the French king Charles VI, Henry was proclaimed king of France in accordance with the terms of a treaty made after Henry V's French victories.

Henry's minority was never officially ended, but from 1437 he was considered old enough to rule for himself, and his personality became a vital factor. There is evidence that he had been a headstrong and unruly boy, but he later became concerned only with religious observances and the planning of his educational foundations (Eton College in 1440–41, King's College, Cambridge, in 1441). Home politics were dominated by the rivalries of a series of overpowerful ministers — Humphrey, duke of Gloucester; Henry, Cardinal Beaufort; and William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk. After Suffolk's fall (1449) the contenders for power were the Lancastrian Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset, and Richard, duke of York, a cousin of the King whose claim to the throne, by strict primogeniture, was better than Henry's. Meanwhile, the English hold on France was steadily eroded; despite a truce—as part of which Henry married (April 1445) Margaret of Anjou, a niece of the French queen—Maine and Normandy were lost and by 1453 so were the remaining English-held lands in Guyenne.

Henry had a period of insanity (July 1453–December 1454), during which York was lord protector, but his hopes of ultimately succeeding Henry were shattered by the birth of Edward, prince of Wales, on Oct. 13, 1453. A return to power of Somerset in 1455 made war inevitable, and although he was killed at the first Battle of St. Albans (May 1455), Queen Margaret gradually undermined York's ascendancy, and fighting was renewed in 1459. After the Yorkists had captured Henry at Northampton (July 1460), it was agreed that Henry should remain king but recognize York, and not his own son Edward, as heir to the throne. Although York was killed at Wakefield (Dec. 30, 1460), and Henry was recaptured by the Lancastrians at the second Battle of St. Albans (Feb. 17, 1461), York's heir was proclaimed king as Edward IV in London on March 4. Routed at Towton in Yorkshire (March 29), Henry fled with his wife and son to Scotland, returning to England in 1464 to support an unsuccessful Lancastrian rising. He was eventually captured (July 1465) near Clitheroe in Lancashire and imprisoned in the Tower of London. A quarrel between Edward IV and Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, led Warwick to restore Henry to the throne in October 1470, and Edward fled abroad. But he soon returned, defeated and killed Warwick, and destroyed Queen Margaret's forces at Tewkesbury (May 4, 1471). The death of Prince Edward in that battle sealed Henry's fate, and he was murdered in the Tower of London soon afterward.

Henry married Margaret of Anjou [20080] [MRIN: 6827]. Margaret was born in 1429 and died in 1482 at age 53.

The child from this marriage was:

   158 M    i. Prince Edward of Wales [20081] was born in 1453 and died in 1471 at age 18.

137. Countess Philippa of Clarence [18456] was born on 16 Aug 1355 in Eltham Palace, Kent, England and died on 1 Jul 1381 at age 25.

Philippa married Earl Edmund Mortimer III [18457] [MRIN: 6299] in 1368 in Queen's Chapel, Reading Abbey, Berkshire, England. Edmund was born in Feb 1352 and died on 27 Dec 1381 in Shrewsbury at age 29.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 159 F    i. Elizabeth Mortimer [18458] was born on 12 Feb 1371 in Monmouthshire, England and died on 20 Apr 1417 at age 46.

138. Earl of Somerset John Beaufort [18465] was born in 1373 and died on 16 Mar 1410 at age 37.

John married Margaret of Holland [18466] [MRIN: 6304] on 23 Aug 1397. Margaret was born in 1375 and died on 31 Dec 1440 at age 65.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 160 F    i. Joan de Beaufort [18467] was born in 1398 in Westminster, Middlesex, England and died on 15 Jul 1445 in Dunbar Castle, East Lothian, Scotland at age 47.

139. Cardinal Henry Beaufort of Winchester [18401] was born c1374 and died on 11 Apr 1447 in Winchester Castle, Hampshire, England at age 73.

General Notes: born c. 1374
died April 11, 1447, Winchester, Hampshire, Eng.

Cardinal and bishop of Winchester and a dominant figure in English politics throughout the first 43 years of the 15th century. From about 1435 until 1443 he controlled the government of the weak King Henry VI.

Beaufort's father was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of King Edward III, and his mother was Catherine Swynford. During the reign of his cousin King Richard II, he became chancellor of Oxford University (1397) and bishop of Lincoln (1398).

With the accession of his half brother, Henry IV, in 1399, Beaufort was guaranteed a prominent place in politics. In 1403 he became chancellor of England and a royal councillor. In the following year he was appointed bishop of Winchester, one of the richest sees in the country. He then resigned his chancellorship and led the opposition within the council to Henry IV's chief minister, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury. When Beaufort's nephew and political ally became king as Henry V in 1413, Beaufort again received the chancellorship. In order to climb still higher, the ambitious bishop sought a position with the papacy. Pope Martin V made him a cardinal and papal legate in 1417, but the king, fearing that Beaufort would be an all too effective spokesman for papal policies, soon forced him to resign these ecclesiastical offices.

Upon the accession of the infant Henry VI in 1422, however, Beaufort's talents were allowed to flourish. Already wealthy, he enriched himself further by lending money to the insolvent crown at high interest rates. Beaufort's financing of the state solidifed his power; there was little his enemies could do against the man on whom the solvency of the government depended. Beaufort was made cardinal of St. Eusebius and papal legate in 1426, a move for which he was continually attacked by his uncle, Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, who criticized him for simultaneously holding high positions in church and state. But Beaufort survived Gloucester's sniping, and with the support of the young Henry VI, by the mid-1430s the government was firmly back in his hands. In 1435 and 1439 he attempted without success to negotiate an end to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France, and in 1443 he retired from politics. Beaufort was arrogant, self-serving, and greedy to the point of rapacity, but his political and financial acumen were unrivaled in the England of his time. His career is authoritatively recounted in L.B. Radford's Henry Beaufort (1908).

Henry married Alice FitzAlan [18400] [MRIN: 6272], daughter of Richard FitzAlan [18071] and Elizabeth de Bohun [18072]. Alice was born about 1373.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 133)

141. Joan de Beaufort [18508] was born in 1379 in Beaufort Castle, Anjou, France and died on 13 Nov 1445 in Howden, Yorkshire, England at age 66.

Joan married Robert de Ferrers [18509] [MRIN: 6327]. Robert was born in 1373 and died on 29 Nov 1396 at age 23.

Joan next married Ralph de Neville [18510] [MRIN: 6328] before 29 Nov 1396. Ralph was born in 1363 in Durham, England and died on 21 Oct 1425 in Durham, England at age 62.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 161 F    i. Eleanor de Neville [18462] was born c1396 in Raby, Durham, England and died in 1463 at age 67.

+ 162 M    ii. Baron George de Neville [18511] was born after 1400 and died on 30 Dec 1469.

+ 163 M    iii. Baron Edward de Neville [18513] was born in 1417 in Raby With Keverstone, Durham, England and died in 1476 at age 59.

145. King Henry Bolingbroke Lancaster IV [18667] was born on 2 Apr 1367 in Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, England, died on 20 Mar 1413 in Westminster Abbey, London at age 45, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.

General Notes: born , April 3, 1366, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, Eng.
died March 20, 1413, London

Also called (1377–97) Earl of Derby, or (1397–99) Duke of Hereford, by name Henry Bolingbroke, or Henry of Lancaster king of England from 1399 to 1413, the first of three 15th-century monarchs from the House of Lancaster. He gained the crown by usurpation and successfully consolidated his power in the face of repeated uprisings of powerful nobles. At the same time he was unable to overcome the fiscal and administrative weaknesses that contributed to the eventual downfall of the Lancastrian dynasty.

Henry was the eldest surviving son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his first wife, Blanche. Before becoming king he was known as Henry Bolingbroke, and he received from his cousin the titles earl of Derby (1377) and duke of Hereford (1397). During the opening years of the reign of King Richard II (ruled 1377–99), Henry remained in the background while his father ran the government. When Gaunt departed for an expedition to Spain in 1386, Henry entered politics as an opponent of the crown. He and Thomas Mowbray (later 1st duke of Norfolk) became the younger members of the group of five opposition leaders—known as the lords appellants—who in 1387–89 outlawed Richard's closest associates and forced the King to submit to their domination. Richard had just regained the upper hand when Gaunt returned to reconcile the King to his enemies. Bolingbroke then went on crusades into Lithuania (1390) and Prussia (1392). Meanwhile, Richard had not forgiven his past enmity. In 1398 the King took advantage of a quarrel between Bolingbroke and Norfolk to banish both men from the kingdom. The seizure of the Lancastrian estates by the crown upon John of Gaunt's death (February 1399) deprived Henry of his inheritance and gave him an excuse to invade England (July 1399) as a champion of the nobility. Richard surrendered to him in August; Bolingbroke's reign as King Henry IV began when Richard abdicated on Sept. 30, 1399.

Henry IV used his descent from King Henry III (ruled 1216–72) to justify his usurpation of the throne. Nevertheless, this claim did not convince those magnates who aspired to assert their authority at the crown's expense. During the first five years of his reign, Henry was attacked by a formidable array of domestic and foreign enemies. He quashed a conspiracy of Richard's supporters in January 1400. Eight months later the Welsh landowner Owen Glendower raised a national rebellion against oppressive English rule in Wales. Henry led a number of fruitless expeditions into Wales from 1400 to 1405, but his son, Prince Henry, had greater success in reasserting royal control over the region. Meanwhile, Glendower encouraged domestic resistance to Henry's rule by allying with the powerful Percy family—Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, and his son Sir Henry Percy, called Hotspur. Hotspur's brief uprising, the most serious challenge faced by Henry during his reign, ended when the King's forces killed the rebel in battle near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in July 1403. In 1405 Henry had Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry's political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosy—it may have been congenital syphilis. A quickly suppressed insurrection, led by Northumberland in 1408, was the last armed challenge to Henry's authority. Throughout these years the King had to combat border incursions by the Scots and ward off conflict with the French, who aided the Welsh rebels in 1405–06.

To finance these military activities, Henry was forced to rely on parliamentary grants. From 1401 to 1406 Parliament repeatedly accused him of fiscal mismanagement and gradually acquired certain precedent-setting powers over royal expenditures and appointments. As Henry's health deteriorated, a power struggle developed within his administration between his favorite, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, and a faction headed by Henry's Beaufort half brothers and Prince Henry. The latter group ousted Arundel from the chancellorship early in 1410, but they, in turn, fell from power in 1411. Henry then made an alliance with the French faction that was waging war against the Prince's Burgundian friends. As a consequence, tension between Henry and the Prince was high when Henry became totally incapacitated late in 1412. He died several months later, and the Prince succeeded as King Henry V.

Noted events in his life were:

• Titles: King of England - 30 September 1399 to 20 March 1413
Earl of Northampton and Hereford
Duke of Hereford
Duke of Lancaster
Earl of Leicester
Earl of Lincoln

Henry married Mary de Bohun [18688] [MRIN: 6419], daughter of Earl Humphrey de Bohun VIII [18075] and Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet [18076], before 10 Feb 1381 in Arundel, Sussex, England. Mary was born c1369 and died in 1394 at age 25.

General Notes: Eight children.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 94)

146. Earl Edmund of Holland III [18579] was born on 6 Jan 1382 in Brockenhurst, Kent, England and died on 15 Sep 1408 in Isle de Brehant, Cotes-Du-Nord, France at age 26.

General Notes: born 1374
died Jan. 7/8, 1400, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, Eng.

Thomas De Holand, prominent English noble in the reign of Richard II.

Son of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350–97), he aided in the arrest and destruction of Richard II's enemies and was awarded with the dukedom of Surrey in 1397. In 1398 he was created marshal of England and given large estates, and, later in the same year, he was made the king's lieutenant in Ireland.

After Henry IV seized power in September 1399, Surrey, along with other advisers of the former king, was temporarily arrested. On November 6 he was deprived of his dukedom. He then joined in a conspiracy against Henry but was betrayed and, while in flight, was seized by a mob and beheaded.

Edmund married Lucia Visconti [18980] [MRIN: 6508]. Lucia died on 14 Apr 1424.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 164 F    i. Eleanor of Holland [18981] was born about 1405 in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England and died in 1452 about age 47.

148. John de Beaumont [18587] was born in 1361 and died on 9 Sep 1396 at age 35.

John married Catherine Everingham [18588] [MRIN: 6369]. Catherine died in 1426.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 165 F    i. Elizabeth de Beaumont [18589] was born in 1389 in Falkingham, Lincolnshire, England and died in 1488 in Gainsborough, England at age 99.

  Sixteenth Generation  

149. Hywel Fychan ap Hywel [18110] .

Hywel married Catrin verch Ieuan Llwyd [18111] [MRIN: 6119].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 166 M    i. Gwilym Gam ap Hywel Fychan [18139] .

150. John Newburgh [18223] .

John married.

His child was:

+ 167 M    i. John Newburgh [18224] .

151. Sir Thomas Eychingham [19093] was born about 1401 in Etchingham, Sussex, England and died on 20 Jan 1483 about age 82.

Thomas married Margaret West [19094] [MRIN: 6564] in 1448. Margaret was born in 1428 in Snitterfield, Warwickshire, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 168 F    i. Margaret Eychingham [19095] was born in 1443 in Echyngham, Sussex, England and died after 1482 in Middlesex, England.

152. Ela Malory [18254] .

Ela married Thomas de Greene [18255] [MRIN: 6192]. Thomas was born in Green's Norton, Northamptonshire.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 169 M    i. John Greene [18256] was born about 1468.

153. Sir John de Sutton IV [18284] was born on 6 Dec 1361 in Coleshill, Arden, Warwickshire and died on 10 Mar 1396 at age 34.

John married Alice de Despenser [18285] [MRIN: 6209]. Alice died in 1392.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 170 M    i. John de Sutton V [18286] was born in Feb 1380 and died on 28 Aug 1406 at age 26.

154. Joan Goushill [18067] died after 1459.

Joan married Sir Thomas Stanley [18066] [MRIN: 6093]. Thomas was born before 1405 in Lathom and Knowsley, England and died on 11 Feb 1459.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 171 F    i. Katherine Stanley [18065] was born in 1430 and died in 1498 at age 68.

155. Joan de Beauchamp [18373] was born about 1400 and died in 1430 about age 30.

Joan married Earl James "the White Earl" Butler IV [18374] [MRIN: 6256]. James was born about 1391 in Leicester, England and died on 23 Aug 1452 about age 61.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 172 F    i. Elizabeth Butler [18375] was born in 1420 and died on 8 Sep 1473 at age 53.

156. Jane Beaufort [18402] was born in 1392.

Jane married Sir Edward Stradling [18403] [MRIN: 6273]. Edward was born c1389 and died in 1451 at age 62.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 173 M    i. Sir Henry Stradling [18404] was born in 1423 and died in 1476 at age 53.

157. Mary Talbot [18327] was born about 1383 and died on 13 Apr 1433 about age 50.

Mary married Sir Thomas Greene III [18328] [MRIN: 6232]. Thomas was born in 1369 and died on 14 Dec 1417 at age 48.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 174 M    i. Sir Thomas Greene IV [18329] was born on 10 Feb 1399 and died on 18 Jan 1462 in Norton, Northampton, England at age 62.

159. Elizabeth Mortimer [18458] was born on 12 Feb 1371 in Monmouthshire, England and died on 20 Apr 1417 at age 46.

Elizabeth married Sir Thomas de Camoys [18459] [MRIN: 6300] cAug 1403. Thomas was born c1351 and died on 28 Mar 1421 at age 70.

Elizabeth next married Sir Henry de Percy "Hot Spur" [18460] [MRIN: 6301] in Dec 1379. Henry was born on 20 May 1364 and died on 21 Jul 1403 at age 39.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 175 M    i. Earl Henry de Percy VIII [18461] was born on 3 Feb 1393 and died on 23 May 1455 in Battle of St. Albans at age 62.

160. Joan de Beaufort [18467] was born in 1398 in Westminster, Middlesex, England and died on 15 Jul 1445 in Dunbar Castle, East Lothian, Scotland at age 47.

Joan married King James Stuart I [18468] [MRIN: 6305] in 1424 in Priory Church, St. Mary Overy, Southwark, Surrey, England. James was born in Dec 1394 in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, Scotland and died on 20 Feb 1437 in Monastry of the Friars, Perth at age 42.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 176 M    i. James Stuart II [18469] was born on 16 Oct 1413 in Holyroos, Edinburg and died on 3 Aug 1460 in Roxburg Castle at age 46.

   177 F    ii. Margaret Stuart [18637] died in 1445.

Margaret married King Louis de France XI [18649] [MRIN: 6398].

   178 F    iii. Isabella Stuart [18638] died in 1494.

Isabella married Duke Francis de Brittany I [18648] [MRIN: 6397].

   179 F    iv. Eleanor Stuart [18639] died in 1480.

Eleanor married Archduke Sigismund of Austria [18647] [MRIN: 6396].

   180 F    v. Joan Stuart [18640] died in 1486.

Joan married Earl James Douglas of Morton [18646] [MRIN: 6395].

   181 F    vi. Mary Stuart [18641] died in 1465.

Mary married Count Wolfert of Grandpre' [18645] [MRIN: 6394].

   182 F    vii. Annabella Stuart [18642] died in 1501.

Annabella married Louis of Savoy [18643] [MRIN: 6392].

Annabella next married Earl George Gordon of Huntly [18644] [MRIN: 6393].

Joan next married James Stewart "Black Knight" [18526] [MRIN: 6337] before 21 Sep 1439. James was born in 1383 in Lorne, Argyll, Scotland and died in 1448 at Sea at age 65.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 183 M    i. John Stewart [18527] was born c1440 in Balveny, Fife, Scotland and died on 15 Sep 1521 in Laighwood, Perth, Scotland at age 81.

161. Eleanor de Neville [18462] was born c1396 in Raby, Durham, England and died in 1463 at age 67.

Eleanor married Earl Henry de Percy VIII [18461] [MRIN: 6302], son of Sir Henry de Percy "Hot Spur" [18460] and Elizabeth Mortimer [18458]. Henry was born on 3 Feb 1393 and died on 23 May 1455 in Battle of St. Albans at age 62.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 184 M    i. Henry de Percy IX [18554] was born on 25 Jul 1421 and died on 29 Mar 1461 at age 39.

162. Baron George de Neville [18511] was born after 1400 and died on 30 Dec 1469.

George married Elizabeth de Beauchamp [18512] [MRIN: 6329] before 1436. Elizabeth was born in 1417.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 185 M    i. Sir Henry Neville [18506] was born c1437 in Latimer, Buckinghamshire, England and died on 26 Jul 1469 in Battle of Edgecote at age 32.

163. Baron Edward de Neville [18513] was born in 1417 in Raby With Keverstone, Durham, England and died in 1476 at age 59.

Edward married Catharine Howard [18507] [MRIN: 6326] on 15 Oct 1448. Catharine was born in 1414 and died on 18 Oct 1476 at age 62.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 186 F    i. Katherine Neville [18505] .

164. Eleanor of Holland [18981] was born about 1405 in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England and died in 1452 about age 47.

Eleanor married Baron James Tuchet [18982] [MRIN: 6509] on 16 Mar 1429. James was born about 1398 in Stafford, England and died on 23 Sep 1459 in Battle of Blore Heath about age 61.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 187 F    i. Constance Tuchet [18983] was born about 1443.

165. Elizabeth de Beaumont [18589] was born in 1389 in Falkingham, Lincolnshire, England and died in 1488 in Gainsborough, England at age 99.

Elizabeth married Lord William de Botreaux [18590] [MRIN: 6370] before 1411. William was born on 20 Feb 1388 and died on 16 May 1462 at age 74.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 188 F    i. Baronesse Margaret de Botreaux [18591] was born in Somerset, England and died on 7 Feb 1477.

  Seventeenth Generation  

166. Gwilym Gam ap Hywel Fychan [18139] .

Gwilym married Gwenllian verch Gwilym [18140] [MRIN: 6132].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 189 M    i. Hywel Melyn ap Gwilym Gam [18141] .

167. John Newburgh [18224] .

John married.

His child was:

+ 190 M    i. Thomas Newburgh [18225] .

168. Margaret Eychingham [19095] was born in 1443 in Echyngham, Sussex, England and died after 1482 in Middlesex, England.

Margaret married Sir William Blount [19096] [MRIN: 6565] in 1463. William was born in 1442 in Rock, Worcester, England and died in 1514 in Hunslow, Middlesex, England at age 72.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 191 F    i. Elizabeth Blount [19097] was born about 1471 in Rock, Worcester, England and died in 1514 in Hounslow, Middlesex, England about age 43.

169. John Greene [18256] was born about 1468.

John married.

His child was:

+ 192 M    i. Robert Greene [18257] was born in 1500 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset.

170. John de Sutton V [18286] was born in Feb 1380 and died on 28 Aug 1406 at age 26.

John married Constance le Blount [18287] [MRIN: 6210] before 10 Dec 1401. Constance was born after 1373 in Barton, Derbyshire, England and died on 23 Sep 1432 in Northampton, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 193 M    i. John de Sutton VI [18288] was born on 25 Dec 1400 in Barton, Derbyshire, England and died on 30 Sep 1487 at age 86.

171. Katherine Stanley [18065] was born in 1430 and died in 1498 at age 68.

Katherine married Sir John Savage [18064] [MRIN: 6092]. John was born in 1422 and died on 22 Nov 1495 at age 73.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 194 M    i. Christopher Savage [18062] died in 1513.

172. Elizabeth Butler [18375] was born in 1420 and died on 8 Sep 1473 at age 53.

Elizabeth married Earl John Talbot II [18376] [MRIN: 6257] about 1443. John was born about 1413 and died on 10 Jul 1460 in Northampton, England about age 47.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 195 F    i. Anne Talbot [18377] died in 1494.

173. Sir Henry Stradling [18404] was born in 1423 and died in 1476 at age 53.

Henry married Elizabeth Herbert [18405] [MRIN: 6274].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 196 M    i. Thomas Stradling [18406] was born in 1454 and died in 1480 at age 26.

174. Sir Thomas Greene IV [18329] was born on 10 Feb 1399 and died on 18 Jan 1462 in Norton, Northampton, England at age 62.

Thomas married Phillippa Ferrers [18330] [MRIN: 6233]. Phillippa was born about 1390 in Chartley, Straffordshire, England and died in 1458 in Norton, Northampton, England about age 68.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 197 F    i. Elizabeth Greene [18331] was born about 1420 in Norton, Northampton, England.

175. Earl Henry de Percy VIII [18461] was born on 3 Feb 1393 and died on 23 May 1455 in Battle of St. Albans at age 62.

Henry married Eleanor de Neville [18462] [MRIN: 6302], daughter of Ralph de Neville [18510] and Joan de Beaufort [18508]. Eleanor was born c1396 in Raby, Durham, England and died in 1463 at age 67.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 161)

176. James Stuart II [18469] was born on 16 Oct 1413 in Holyroos, Edinburg and died on 3 Aug 1460 in Roxburg Castle at age 46.

James married Maria van Gueldre [18470] [MRIN: 6306]. Maria was born in 1432 and died on 1 Dec 1463 at age 31.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 198 M    i. King James Stuart III [18471] was born on 10 Jul 1451 in Stirling Castle, Scotland and died on 11 Jun 1488 in Milltown, Bannockburn, Scotland at age 36.

183. John Stewart [18527] was born c1440 in Balveny, Fife, Scotland and died on 15 Sep 1521 in Laighwood, Perth, Scotland at age 81.

John married.

His child was:

+ 199 M    i. Earl John Stewart II [18528] was born about 1520.

184. Henry de Percy IX [18554] was born on 25 Jul 1421 and died on 29 Mar 1461 at age 39.

Henry married Eleanor Poynings [18555] [MRIN: 6352]. Eleanor was born c1422 and died in Feb 1483 at age 61.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 200 F    i. Margaret Percy [18556] was born c1447.

185. Sir Henry Neville [18506] was born c1437 in Latimer, Buckinghamshire, England and died on 26 Jul 1469 in Battle of Edgecote at age 32.

Henry married Joan Bourchier [18514] [MRIN: 6330] c1467. Joan was born in 1442 and died on 7 Oct 1470 at age 28.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 201 M    i. Richard Neville [18515] was born c1468 in North Riding, Yorkshire, England and died in Dec 1530 in Snape Castle, Yorkshire, England at age 62.

186. Katherine Neville [18505] .

Katherine married Robert Tanfield [18504] [MRIN: 6325]. Robert died after 1505.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 202 M    i. William Tanfield [18502] was born in 1489 and died in 1529 at age 40.

187. Constance Tuchet [18983] was born about 1443.

Constance married Sir Robert Whitney [18984] [MRIN: 6510] about 1464. Robert was born about 1436 in Whitney, Herefordshire, England.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 203 F    i. Joan (Jean) Whitney [19039] died in 1503.

+ 204 F    ii. Eleanor Whitney [18985] was born about 1467.

188. Baronesse Margaret de Botreaux [18591] was born in Somerset, England and died on 7 Feb 1477.

Margaret married Lord Robert Hungerford [18592] [MRIN: 6371] in 1419 in Somerset, England. Robert was born about 1400 in Fairleigh-Hungerford, Somersetshire, England and died on 18 May 1459 in Wiltshire, England about age 59.

Children from this marriage were:

   205 M    i. Robert Hungerford II [18593] was born about 1420 in Forley, Hungerford, Somerset, England and died on 18 May 1464 in Newcastle, Northumberland, England about age 44.

Robert married Alainor Molines [18594] [MRIN: 6372] before 5 Nov 1440 in Hampshire, England. Alainor was born on 11 Jun 1426 in Somerset, England and died in 1476 at age 50.

+ 206 F    ii. Alice Hungerford [18595] was born in 1426 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England.

  Eighteenth Generation  

189. Hywel Melyn ap Gwilym Gam [18141] .

Hywel married.

His child was:

+ 207 M    i. Ieuan Gwyn ap Hywel Gam [18142] .

190. Thomas Newburgh [18225] .

Thomas married.

His child was:

+ 208 M    i. Walter Newburgh [18226] .

191. Elizabeth Blount [19097] was born about 1471 in Rock, Worcester, England and died in 1514 in Hounslow, Middlesex, England about age 43.

Elizabeth married Baron Andrew de Windsor [19098] [MRIN: 6566]. Andrew was born on 1 May 1467 in Stanwell Manor, Stanwell, Middlesex, England and died on 30 Mar 1543 at age 75.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 209 F    i. Edith Windsor [19099] was born in 1514.

192. Robert Greene [18257] was born in 1500 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset.

Robert married.

His child was:

+ 210 M    i. Richard Greene [18258] was born about 1530 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset and died on 3 May 1608 about age 78.

193. John de Sutton VI [18288] was born on 25 Dec 1400 in Barton, Derbyshire, England and died on 30 Sep 1487 at age 86.

John married Elizabeth Berkeley [18289] [MRIN: 6211] after 14 Mar 1421. Elizabeth died about 8 Dec 1478.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 211 F    i. Eleanor Sutton [18290] was born about 1441 and died in 1513 in Staffordshire about age 72.

194. Christopher Savage [18062] died in 1513.

Christopher married Anne Stanley [18063] [MRIN: 6091].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 212 M    i. Christopher Savage II [18060] was born about 1496 in Elmley Castle, Worcester and died in 1546 about age 50.

195. Anne Talbot [18377] died in 1494.

Anne married Unknown Vernon [18378] [MRIN: 6258].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 213 F    i. Elizabeth Vernon [18379] died in 1563.

196. Thomas Stradling [18406] was born in 1454 and died in 1480 at age 26.

Thomas married Janet Mathew [18407] [MRIN: 6275].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 214 F    i. Jane Stradling [18408] was born in 1477 and died in 1520 at age 43.

197. Elizabeth Greene [18331] was born about 1420 in Norton, Northampton, England.

Elizabeth married William Raleigh [18332] [MRIN: 6234] in 1440. William was born about 1415 in Thornborough, Warwickshire, England and died on 15 Oct 1460 about age 45.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 215 M    i. Sir Edward Raleigh [18333] was born about 1444 in Thornborough, Warwickshire, England and died before 20 Jun 1509 in Farneborough, Warwickshire, England.

198. King James Stuart III [18471] was born on 10 Jul 1451 in Stirling Castle, Scotland and died on 11 Jun 1488 in Milltown, Bannockburn, Scotland at age 36.

General Notes: born May 1452
died June 11, 1488, near Stirling, Stirling, Scot.


King of Scots from 1460 to 1488. A weak monarch, he was confronted with two major rebellions because he failed to win the respect of the nobility.

James received the crown at the age of eight upon the death of his father, King James II. Scotland was governed first by James's mother, Mary of Gueldres (d. 1463), and James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews (d. 1465), and then by a group of nobles headed by the Boyds of Kilmarnock, who seized the king in 1466. In 1469 James overthrew the Boyds and began to govern for himself. Unlike his father, he was, however, unable to restore strong central government after his long minority. He evidently offended his nobles by his interest in the arts and by taking artists for his favorites. In 1479 he arrested his brothers, Alexander, Duke of Albany, and John, Earl of Mar, on suspicion of treason. Albany escaped to England, and in 1482 English troops entered Scotland and forced James to restore Albany to his domains. During this invasion dissident Scottish nobles hanged James's favorites. By March 1483 the king had recovered enough power to expel Albany.

Nevertheless, even without English aid to his discontented subjects, James was unable to ward off revolts. In 1488 two powerful border families, the Homes and the Hepburns, raised a rebellion and won to their cause his 15-year-old son, the future king James IV. James III was captured and killed after his defeat at the Battle of Sauchieburn, Stirling, on June 11.

James married Margarethe af Danmark [18472] [MRIN: 6307]. Margarethe was born on 23 Jun 1456 and died on 14 Jul 1486 at age 30.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 216 M    i. King James Stuart IV "Iron Belt" [18473] was born on 17 Mar 1473 and died on 9 Sep 1513 in Flodden Field, Northumberland at age 40.

199. Earl John Stewart II [18528] was born about 1520.

John married Janet Campbell [18529] [MRIN: 6339]. Janet died cFeb 1545.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 217 F    i. Elizabeth Stewart [18530] was born in Kintail, Ross & Cromarty, Scotland.

200. Margaret Percy [18556] was born c1447.

Margaret married Sir William Gascoigne III [18557] [MRIN: 6353].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 218 F    i. Elizabeth Gascoigne [18558] was born c1471 in Gawthorpe, Yorkshire, England and died in 1559 in Kyme Manor, Yorkshire, England at age 88.

201. Richard Neville [18515] was born c1468 in North Riding, Yorkshire, England and died in Dec 1530 in Snape Castle, Yorkshire, England at age 62.

Richard married Anne Stafford [18516] [MRIN: 6331] c1490. Anne was born c1472.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 219 F    i. Dorothy Neville [18517] .

202. William Tanfield [18502] was born in 1489 and died in 1529 at age 40.

William married Isabel Stavely [18503] [MRIN: 6324].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 220 M    i. Francis Tanfield Esq. [18500] was born c1508 in Gayton, Northamptonshire, England and died on 21 Nov 1558 at age 50.

203. Joan (Jean) Whitney [19039] died in 1503.

Joan married Unknown Vaughan [19040] [MRIN: 6536].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 221 F    i. Elizabeth Vaughan [19041] was born in 1470.

204. Eleanor Whitney [18985] was born about 1467.

Eleanor married John Puleston [18986] [MRIN: 6511]. John was born c1485 and died c1523 at age 38.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 222 M    i. Sir John Puleston [18987] .

206. Alice Hungerford [18595] was born in 1426 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England.

Alice married John White II [18596] [MRIN: 6373] in 1452 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England. John was born in 1422 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England and died in 1462 at age 40.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 223 M    i. Sir Robert White II [18597] was born about 1446 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England and died on 4 Aug 1513 about age 67.

  Nineteenth Generation  

207. Ieuan Gwyn ap Hywel Gam [18142] .

Ieuan married Mabel Cradock [18143] [MRIN: 6134].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 224 M    i. Jenkin ap Euan Gwyn [18144] .

208. Walter Newburgh [18226] .

Walter married.

His child was:

+ 225 M    i. Richard Newborough [18227] .

209. Edith Windsor [19099] was born in 1514.

Edith married George Ludlow Esq. [19100] [MRIN: 6567]. George died in 1580.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 226 M    i. Thomas Ludlow [19101] was born in 1550, died in 1607 at age 57, and was buried on 25 Nov 1607.

210. Richard Greene [18258] was born about 1530 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset and died on 3 May 1608 about age 78.

Richard married.

His child was:

+ 227 M    i. Richard Greene II [18259] was born in 1560 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset and died in 1617 in Salisbury, Wiltshire at age 57.

211. Eleanor Sutton [18290] was born about 1441 and died in 1513 in Staffordshire about age 72.

Eleanor married Henry de Beaumont IV [18291] [MRIN: 6212]. Henry was born about 1440 in Wednesbury, Stafforshire & Thorpe-in-Balne, Yorkshire and died on 16 Nov 1471 about age 31.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 228 F    i. Constance de Beaumont [18292] was born about 1467.

212. Christopher Savage II [18060] was born about 1496 in Elmley Castle, Worcester and died in 1546 about age 50.

Christopher married Anne Lygon [18061] [MRIN: 6090].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 229 M    i. Francis Savage Esq. [18058] .

213. Elizabeth Vernon [18379] died in 1563.

Elizabeth married Unknown Corbet [18380] [MRIN: 6259].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 230 F    i. Dorothy Corbet [18381] .

214. Jane Stradling [18408] was born in 1477 and died in 1520 at age 43.

Jane married Sir William Griffith II [18409] [MRIN: 6276]. William was born c1475 in Penrhyn Castle, Caernarvonshire, Wales and died in 1531 at age 56.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 231 F    i. Dorothy Griffith [18410] was born about 1507 in Richley, Anglesey, Wales.

215. Sir Edward Raleigh [18333] was born about 1444 in Thornborough, Warwickshire, England and died before 20 Jun 1509 in Farneborough, Warwickshire, England.

Edward married Margaret Verney [18334] [MRIN: 6235] in 1467. Margaret was born about 1445 in London, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 232 M    i. Edward Raleigh [18335] was born about 1473 in Farneborough, Warwickshire, England.

216. King James Stuart IV "Iron Belt" [18473] was born on 17 Mar 1473 and died on 9 Sep 1513 in Flodden Field, Northumberland at age 40.

General Notes: born March 17, 1473
died Sept. 9, 1513, near Branxton, Northumberland, Eng.


King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513. An energetic and popular ruler, he unified Scotland under royal control, strengthened royal finances, and improved Scotland's position in European politics.

James succeeded to the throne after his father, James III, was killed in a battle against rebels on June 11, 1488. The 15-year-old monarch immediately began to take an active part in government. He extended his authority to the sparsely populated areas of western and northern Scotland and by 1493 had humbled the last lord of the Isles.

Although his reign was internally peaceful, it was disturbed by wars with England. Breaking a truce with England in 1495, James prepared an invasion in support of Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne. The war was confined to a few border forays, and a seven-year peace was negotiated in December 1497, though border raids continued. Relations between England and Scotland were further stabilized in 1503, when James married Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of the English king Henry VII; this match resulted, a century later, in the accession of James's great-grandson, the Stuart monarch James VI of Scotland, to the English throne as King James I.

James IV's growing prestige enabled him to negotiate as an equal with the rulers of continental Europe, but his position was weakened as he came into conflict with King Henry VIII of England (ruled 1509–47). In 1512 James allied with France against England and the major continental powers. When Henry invaded France in 1513, James decided, against the counsel of his advisers, to aid his ally by advancing into England. He captured four castles in northern England in August 1513, but his army was disastrously defeated at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, on Sept. 9, 1513. The king was killed while fighting on foot, and most of his nobles perished. James left one legitimate child, his successor, James V (ruled 1513–42); in addition, he had many illegitimate children, several of whom became prominent figures in Scotland.

True to the ideal of the Renaissance prince, James strove to make his court a center of refinement and learning. He patronized literature, licensed Scotland's first printers, and improved education.

James married Margaret Drummond [18474] [MRIN: 6308]. Margaret died in May 1502.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 233 F    i. Margaret Stewart [18475] was born in 1497.

217. Elizabeth Stewart [18530] was born in Kintail, Ross & Cromarty, Scotland.

Elizabeth married Kenneth Mackenzie [18531] [MRIN: 6340] in 1538. Kenneth was born c1513 in Kintail, Ross & Cromarty, Scotland and died on 6 Jun 1568 in Chanonry Point at age 55.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 234 M    i. Colin Mackenzie [18532] was born before 1541 in Kintail, Ross & Cromarty, Scotland and died on 14 Jun 1594 in Redcastle.

218. Elizabeth Gascoigne [18558] was born c1471 in Gawthorpe, Yorkshire, England and died in 1559 in Kyme Manor, Yorkshire, England at age 88.

Elizabeth married Baron George Tailboys [18559] [MRIN: 6354] cApr 1493. George was born c1467 in Kyme Manor, Yorkshire, England and died on 21 Sep 1538 at age 71.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 235 F    i. Ann Tailboys [18560] .

219. Dorothy Neville [18517] .

Dorothy married Sir John Dawney [18518] [MRIN: 6332].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 236 F    i. Anne Dawney [18519] .

220. Francis Tanfield Esq. [18500] was born c1508 in Gayton, Northamptonshire, England and died on 21 Nov 1558 at age 50.

Francis married Bridget Cave [18501] [MRIN: 6323]. Bridget died on 20 Jun 1583.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 237 F    i. Anne Tanfield [18499] .

221. Elizabeth Vaughan [19041] was born in 1470.

Elizabeth married Unknown Morgan [19042] [MRIN: 6537].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 238 M    i. Rowland Morgan [19043] was born in 1498 and died in 1577 at age 79.

222. Sir John Puleston [18987] .

John married Gainor ferch Robert [18988] [MRIN: 6512].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 239 F    i. Jane Puleston [18989] .

223. Sir Robert White II [18597] was born about 1446 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England and died on 4 Aug 1513 about age 67.

Robert married Margaret Gaynsford [18598] [MRIN: 6374] in 1467 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England. Margaret was born in Swanborne, Hampshire, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 240 M    i. Robert White III [18599] was born about 1475 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England.

  Twentieth Generation  

224. Jenkin ap Euan Gwyn [18144] .

Jenkin married Jonet verch Thomas [18145] [MRIN: 6135].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 241 M    i. Owain ap Jenkin [18146] .

225. Richard Newborough [18227] .

Richard married.

His child was:

+ 242 M    i. Richard Newberry [18228] .

226. Thomas Ludlow [19101] was born in 1550, died in 1607 at age 57, and was buried on 25 Nov 1607.

Thomas married Jane Pyle [19102] [MRIN: 6568].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 243 M    i. Gabriel Ludlow [19103] was born in 1587 and died after 1639.

227. Richard Greene II [18259] was born in 1560 in Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorset and died in 1617 in Salisbury, Wiltshire at age 57.

Richard married Mary Hooker [18260] [MRIN: 6196]. Mary was born about 1565 in Salisbury, Wiltshire.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 244 F    i. Rachel Greene [18261] was born in 1596 and died on 13 Nov 1656 in Gillingham. Dorset at age 60.

228. Constance de Beaumont [18292] was born about 1467.

Constance married John Mitton [18293] [MRIN: 6213].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 245 F    i. Joyce Mitton [18294] was born in 1487.

229. Francis Savage Esq. [18058] .

Francis married Anne Sheldon [18059] [MRIN: 6089].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 246 M    i. Anthony Savage [18056] .

230. Dorothy Corbet [18381] .

Dorothy married Richard Mainwaring [18382] [MRIN: 6260]. Richard was born about 1494 and died in 1558 about age 64.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 247 M    i. Arthur Mainwaring [18383] was born about 1516 and died in 1590 about age 74.

231. Dorothy Griffith [18410] was born about 1507 in Richley, Anglesey, Wales.

Dorothy married William Wynn Williams Esq. [18411] [MRIN: 6277]. William was born c1503 in Cwchwillian, Llewchwedd Uchav, Caernarvonshire, Wales.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 248 F    i. Jane Williams [18412] .

232. Edward Raleigh [18335] was born about 1473 in Farneborough, Warwickshire, England.

Edward married Anne Chamberlayne [18336] [MRIN: 6236]. Anne was born about 1478 in Shirburn, Oxfordshire, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 249 F    i. Bridget Raleigh [18337] was born about 1506 in Cannons Ashby, Northampton, England and died on 6 Jan 1558 about age 52.

233. Margaret Stewart [18475] was born in 1497.

Margaret married John Gordon [18476] [MRIN: 6309] in Nov 1512. John died on 5 Dec 1517.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 250 M    i. Earl George Gordon [18477] was born in 1513 and died on 22 Oct 1562 at age 49.

234. Colin Mackenzie [18532] was born before 1541 in Kintail, Ross & Cromarty, Scotland and died on 14 Jun 1594 in Redcastle.

Colin married Mary Mackenzie [18533] [MRIN: 6341].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 251 M    i. Alexander Mackenzie [18534] .

235. Ann Tailboys [18560] .

Ann married Edward Dymoke [18561] [MRIN: 6355]. Edward was born in 1508 in Scrivelsby Manor, Lincolnshire, England and died on 16 Sep 1566 in Scrivelsby Manor, Lincolnshire, England at age 58.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 252 F    i. Frances Dymoke [18562] was born c1550 in Scrivelsby Manor, Lincolnshire, England and died c1611 in Hayneshill Manor, Bershire, England at age 61.

236. Anne Dawney [18519] .

Anne married George Conyers [18520] [MRIN: 6333].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 253 M    i. Sir John Conyers [18521] .

237. Anne Tanfield [18499] .

Anne married Clement Vincent Esq. [18498] [MRIN: 6322].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 254 F    i. Elizabeth Vincent [18497] .

238. Rowland Morgan [19043] was born in 1498 and died in 1577 at age 79.

Rowland married.

His child was:

+ 255 M    i. Thomas Morgan [19044] was born in 1534 and died in 1603 at age 69.

239. Jane Puleston [18989] .

Jane married Rhys Thomas Esq. [18990] [MRIN: 6513]. Rhys died after 1584.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 256 F    i. Gaynor Thomas [18991] .

240. Robert White III [18599] was born about 1475 in Swanborne, Hampshire, England.

Robert married Elizabeth Inglefield [18600] [MRIN: 6375] in 1489 in Marriot, Somerset, England. Elizabeth was born about 1475 in Southamborrow, Southampton, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 257 M    i. Thomas White [18601] was born about 1490 in Marriot, Somerset, England and died before 1549 in Martock, Somerset, England.

  Twenty-first Generation  

241. Owain ap Jenkin [18146] .

Owain married Alice ferch John [18147] [MRIN: 6136].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 258 M    i. Gruffydd ap Owain [18148] .

242. Richard Newberry [18228] .

Richard married.

His child was:

+ 259 M    i. Thomas Newberry [18229] died in Dec 1635.

243. Gabriel Ludlow [19103] was born in 1587 and died after 1639.

Gabriel married Phyllis Unknown [19104] [MRIN: 6569]. Phyllis died on 18 Dec 1657.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 260 F    i. Sarah Ludlow [19105] was born in 1635 and died in 1668 at age 33.

244. Rachel Greene [18261] was born in 1596 and died on 13 Nov 1656 in Gillingham. Dorset at age 60.

Rachel married Richard Perne [18262] [MRIN: 6197].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 261 F    i. Rachel Perne [18263] .

245. Joyce Mitton [18294] was born in 1487.

Joyce married John Harpersfield [18295] [MRIN: 6214].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 262 M    i. Edward Harpersfield [18296] .

246. Anthony Savage [18056] .

Anthony married Elizabeth Hall [18057] [MRIN: 6088].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 263 M    i. Anthony Savage [18054] died on 5 Jun 1695.

247. Arthur Mainwaring [18383] was born about 1516 and died in 1590 about age 74.

Arthur married.

His child was:

+ 264 F    i. Mary Mainwaring [18384] was born about 1541 and died in 1578 about age 37.

248. Jane Williams [18412] .

Jane married William Coytmore [18413] [MRIN: 6278].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 265 M    i. Capt. Rowland Coytmore [18414] was born c1565 and died cNov 1626 at age 61.

249. Bridget Raleigh [18337] was born about 1506 in Cannons Ashby, Northampton, England and died on 6 Jan 1558 about age 52.

Bridget married Sir John Cope [18338] [MRIN: 6237]. John was born about 1504 in Cannons Ashby, Northampton, England and died on 22 Jan 1558 about age 54.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 266 F    i. Elizabeth Cope [18339] was born about 1529 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England and died on 30 Sep 1584 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England about age 55.

250. Earl George Gordon [18477] was born in 1513 and died on 22 Oct 1562 at age 49.

George married Elizabeth Keith [18478] [MRIN: 6310]. Elizabeth died after 1562.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 267 F    i. Lady Elizabeth Gordon [18479] was born c1540 in Huntley, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and died in 1557 in Belvany, Scotland at age 17.

251. Alexander Mackenzie [18534] .

Alexander married Christian Munro [18535] [MRIN: 6342].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 268 M    i. Kenneth Mackenzie [18536] .

252. Frances Dymoke [18562] was born c1550 in Scrivelsby Manor, Lincolnshire, England and died c1611 in Hayneshill Manor, Bershire, England at age 61.

Frances married Sir Thomas Windebank [18563] [MRIN: 6356] on 20 Aug 1556 in Scrivelsby Manor, Lincolnshire, England. Thomas was born c1532 in Haines Hillhurst, Berkshire, England and died on 24 Oct 1607 in Hayneshill Manor, Bershire, England at age 75.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 269 F    i. Mildred Windebank [18564] was born c1584 in England and died c1630 in Virginia at age 46.

253. Sir John Conyers [18521] .

John married.

His child was:

+ 270 F    i. Eleanor Conyers [18522] .

254. Elizabeth Vincent [18497] .

Elizabeth married Richard Lane [18496] [MRIN: 6321].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 271 F    i. Dorothy Lane [16048] was born in Sep 1589 in Courteenhall, Bicester, Oxfordshire, England.

255. Thomas Morgan [19044] was born in 1534 and died in 1603 at age 69.

Thomas married.

His child was:

+ 272 M    i. Sir William Morgan [19045] was born in 1560 and died in 1653 at age 93.

256. Gaynor Thomas [18991] .

Gaynor married Unknown Pugh [18993] [MRIN: 6514].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 273 F    i. Elizabeth Pugh [18992] .

257. Thomas White [18601] was born about 1490 in Marriot, Somerset, England and died before 1549 in Martock, Somerset, England.

Thomas married Agnes White [18602] [MRIN: 6376] in 1515 in Marriot, Somerset, England. Agnes was born about 1495 in Marriot, Somerset, England and died before 1549 in Hill Farrance, Somerset, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 274 M    i. Richard White [18603] was born about 1519 in Marriott, Somerset, England and died on 6 May 1578 in Hill Farrance, Somerset, England about age 59.

  Twenty-second Generation  

258. Gruffydd ap Owain [18148] .

Gruffydd married Anne Berry [18149] [MRIN: 6137].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 275 M    i. Philip Bowen [18150] .

259. Thomas Newberry [18229] died in Dec 1635.

Thomas married Jane Unknown [18230] [MRIN: 6179] in 1630.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 276 F    i. Rebecca Newberry [18231] .

260. Sarah Ludlow [19105] was born in 1635 and died in 1668 at age 33.

Sarah married John Carter [19106] [MRIN: 6570]. John died on 10 Jun 1696.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 277 M    i. Col. Robert Carter [19107] was born about 1663 and died in 1732 about age 69.

261. Rachel Perne [18263] .

Rachel married Edward Rawson [18264] [MRIN: 6198]. Edward was born in 1615 in England and died in 1693 in Massachusetts at age 78.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 278 M    i. Rev. Grindall Rawson [18265] was born on 23 Jan 1659 and died on 6 Feb 1715 at age 56.

262. Edward Harpersfield [18296] .

Edward married.

His child was:

+ 279 F    i. Katherine Mitton [18297] was born about 1530.

263. Anthony Savage [18054] died on 5 Jun 1695.

Anthony married Alice Stafford [18055] [MRIN: 6087]. Alice was born in 1610 in Glouchester County, Virginia.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 280 F    i. Alice Savage [18046] died in 1701.

264. Mary Mainwaring [18384] was born about 1541 and died in 1578 about age 37.

Mary married Richard Cotton [18385] [MRIN: 6262]. Richard was born in 1540.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 281 F    i. Frances Cotton [18386] was born in 1573.

265. Capt. Rowland Coytmore [18414] was born c1565 and died cNov 1626 at age 61.

Rowland married Katherine Miles [18415] [MRIN: 6279] on 23 Dec 1610 in Harwich, Essex, England. Katherine was born c1592 and died on 28 Nov 1659 in Charlestown, Massachusetts at age 67.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 282 F    i. Elizabeth Coytmore [18416] was born c1617 and died cJan 1649 in Boston, Massachusetts at age 32.

266. Elizabeth Cope [18339] was born about 1529 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England and died on 30 Sep 1584 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England about age 55.

Elizabeth married John Dryden [18340] [MRIN: 6238] on 20 Dec 1553 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England. John was born about 1524 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England and died on 30 Sep 1584 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England about age 60.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 283 F    i. Bridget Dryden [18341] was born about 1563 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England and died on 2 Apr 1645 in Berkhamsted, Hartford, England about age 82.

267. Lady Elizabeth Gordon [18479] was born c1540 in Huntley, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and died in 1557 in Belvany, Scotland at age 17.

Elizabeth married Earl John Stewart [18480] [MRIN: 6311]. John was born c1545 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland and died on 24 Apr 1579 in St. Giles, Edinburgh, Scotland at age 34.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 284 F    i. Lady Elizabeth Stewart [18481] was born c1558 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland and died in Sep 1595 at age 37.

268. Kenneth Mackenzie [18536] .

Kenneth married Jean Chisolm [18537] [MRIN: 6343].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 285 F    i. Jean Mackenzie [18538] .

269. Mildred Windebank [18564] was born c1584 in England and died c1630 in Virginia at age 46.

Mildred married Robert Reade Esq. [18565] [MRIN: 6357] on 31 Jul 1600 in St. Martin, Westminster, Lindon. Robert was born in 1551 in Linkenholt Manor, Hampshire, England and died after 10 Dec 1626 in Linkenholt Manor, Hampshire, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 286 M    i. Col. George Reade [18566] was born on 25 Oct 1608 in Linkenholt Manor, Hampshire, England and died cOct 1674 in Gloucester County, Virginia at age 66.

270. Eleanor Conyers [18522] .

Eleanor married Lancelot Strother [18523] [MRIN: 6335].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 287 M    i. William Strother [18524] .

271. Dorothy Lane [16048] was born in Sep 1589 in Courteenhall, Bicester, Oxfordshire, England.

Dorothy married William Randolph [16047] [MRIN: 5326], son of Robert (Randoll) Randolph [16287] and Rose Roberts [16288], on 30 Mar 1619. William was born on 7 Nov 1577 in Little Houghton, Northhamptonshire, Canterbury, England and died about 1657 about age 80.

Children from this marriage were:

   288 M    i. John Randolph [16049] was born in Feb 1620 in Little Houghton, Northhamptonshire, Canterbury, England.

John married Dorothy Atterbury [16326] [MRIN: 5423], daughter of Lewis Atterbury [16327] and Unknown, in Oct 1642 in Milton Malson, England. Dorothy was born about 1622 and died in Apr 1680 about age 58.

+ 289 M    ii. Sir Richard Randolph [15914] was born on 22 Feb 1621 in Morton Hall, Morrell Parish, Warwickshire, England and died in May 1678 in Dublin, Ireland at age 57.

+ 290 M    iii. Henry Randolph [16050] was born in Nov 1623 in Little Houghton, Northhamptonshire, Canterbury, England and died about 1673 in Henrico County, Virginia about age 50.

   291 F    iv. Anne Randolph [16051] was born in Feb 1626 in Houghton Parva, Northamptonshire, England.

   292 M    v. George Randolph [16052] was born in Jul 1627 in Houghton Parva, Northamptonshire, England and died in Jun 1645 in Harrington, Northamptonshire, England at age 17.

   293 F    vi. Margaret Randolph [16053] was born in Jul 1627 in Houghton Parva, Northamptonshire, England.

Margaret married Roger Philips [16328] [MRIN: 5425].

   294 F    vii. Judith Randolph [16054] was born in Aug 1630 in Houghton Parva, Northamptonshire, England.

Judith married Henry Welton [16329] [MRIN: 5426].

272. Sir William Morgan [19045] was born in 1560 and died in 1653 at age 93.

William married.

His child was:

+ 295 F    i. Elizabeth Morgan [19046] was born in 1583 and died in 1638 at age 55.

273. Elizabeth Pugh [18992] .

Elizabeth married Unknown Owen [18994] [MRIN: 6515].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 296 M    i. Thomas Owen [18995] .

274. Richard White [18603] was born about 1519 in Marriott, Somerset, England and died on 6 May 1578 in Hill Farrance, Somerset, England about age 59.

Richard married Helen Kirston [18604] [MRIN: 6377] in 1540 in Somerset, England. Helen was born about 1523 in Hill Farrance, Somerset, England and died on 22 Aug 1596 in Messing, Essex, England about age 73.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 297 M    i. Robert White IV [18605] was born about 1542 in South Petherton, Somerset, England and died on 7 Sep 1600 in Essex, England about age 58.

  Twenty-third Generation  

275. Philip Bowen [18150] .

Philip married Elsbeth Vaughan [18151] [MRIN: 6138].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 298 M    i. Francis Bowen [18152] .

276. Rebecca Newberry [18231] .

Rebecca married Rev. John Russell [18232] [MRIN: 6180] in 1651. John was born in 1625 in England and died on 20 Dec 1692 in Hadley, Massachusetts at age 67.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 299 M    i. Rev. Samuel Russell [18233] was born on 4 Nov 1660 in Hadley, Massachusetts and died on 24 Jun 1731 in Branford, New Haven, CT at age 70.

277. Col. Robert Carter [19107] was born about 1663 and died in 1732 about age 69.

Robert married Elizabeth Landon [19108] [MRIN: 6571] about 1701. Elizabeth was born about 1684 and died on 3 Jul 1719 about age 35.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 300 F    i. Anne Carter [19109] was born in 1702 and died in 1743 at age 41.

278. Rev. Grindall Rawson [18265] was born on 23 Jan 1659 and died on 6 Feb 1715 at age 56.

Grindall married Susanna Wilson [18266] [MRIN: 6199] on 30 Aug 1682. Susanna was born on 1 Dec 1664 and died in Jul 1748 at age 83.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 301 M    i. Edmund Rawson [18267] was born on 8 Jul 1689 and died on 20 May 1765 at age 75.

279. Katherine Mitton [18297] was born about 1530.

Katherine married Unknown Marshall [18298] [MRIN: 6216].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 302 F    i. Elizabeth Marshall [18299] died in 1640.

280. Alice Savage [18046] died in 1701.

Alice married Francis Thornton [18045] [MRIN: 6083]. Francis was born in 1651 and died in 1726 at age 75.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 303 F    i. Margaret Thornton [18028] was born on 2 Apr 1678 and died after 1727.

+ 304 F    ii. Elizabeth Thornton [18047] was born on 3 Jan 1674 in Glouchester County, Virginia and died in 1732 at age 58.

281. Frances Cotton [18386] was born in 1573.

Frances married George Abell [18387] [MRIN: 6263]. George was born about 1561.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 305 M    i. Robert Abell III [18388] died in 1663.

282. Elizabeth Coytmore [18416] was born c1617 and died cJan 1649 in Boston, Massachusetts at age 32.

Elizabeth married Capt. William Tyng [18417] [MRIN: 6280]. William was born c1605 and died on 18 Jan 1653 in Braintree, Massachusetts at age 48.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 306 F    i. Anna Tyng [18418] was born on 6 Jan 1640 in Boston, Massachusetts and died on 5 Aug 1709 in Milton, Massachusetts at age 69.

283. Bridget Dryden [18341] was born about 1563 in Canons Ashby Parish, Northamptonshire, England and died on 2 Apr 1645 in Berkhamsted, Hartford, England about age 82.

Bridget married Rev. Francis Marbury [18342] [MRIN: 6239] about 1587 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England. Francis was born about 1561 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England and died before 14 Feb 1611 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 307 F    i. Anne Marbury [18343] was born on 20 Jul 1591 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England and died on 20 Aug 1643 in Pelham Bay, Long Island, New York at age 52.

284. Lady Elizabeth Stewart [18481] was born c1558 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland and died in Sep 1595 at age 37.

Elizabeth married Hugh Fraser [18482] [MRIN: 6312]. Hugh was born in 1544.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 308 F    i. Margaret Fraser [18483] was born c1573 in Bunchrew, Invernesshire, Scotland.

285. Jean Mackenzie [18538] .

Jean married Alexander Baillie [18539] [MRIN: 6344].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 309 M    i. John Baillie [18540] .

286. Col. George Reade [18566] was born on 25 Oct 1608 in Linkenholt Manor, Hampshire, England and died cOct 1674 in Gloucester County, Virginia at age 66.

George married Elizabeth Martiau [18567] [MRIN: 6358] in 1641 in Yorktown, Virginia. Elizabeth was born in 1615 in England and died in 1686 in Yorktown, Virginia at age 71.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 310 F    i. Mildred Reade [18568] was born on 2 Oct 1643 in Plantation Now, Williamsburg, Virginia and died on 20 Oct 1686 in Cumberland, Virginia at age 43.

287. William Strother [18524] .

William married Elizabeth Unknown [18525] [MRIN: 6336].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 311 M    i. William Strother [18029] died on 4 Nov 1702.

289. Sir Richard Randolph [15914] was born on 22 Feb 1621 in Morton Hall, Morrell Parish, Warwickshire, England and died in May 1678 in Dublin, Ireland at age 57.

General Notes: Resided at Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

Richard married Elizabeth Ryland [15913] [MRIN: 4335], daughter of John Ryland [16330] and Unknown, about 1647 in England.

Children from this marriage were:

   312 M    i. Richard Randolph [16036] .

   313 F    ii. Dorothy Randolph [16038] was born in Mar 1647.

   314 F    iii. Mary Randolph [23660] was born in Nov 1648 in Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

Mary married Capt. John Stith [23659] [MRIN: 8022], son of Maj. John Stith [23587] and Jane Unknown [23588].

+ 315 M    iv. Col. William Randolph [13028] was born in Oct 1650 in Moreton Morrell Parish, Warwickshire, England, died on 21 Apr 1711 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 60, and was buried in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

   316 M    v. Thomas Randolph [16039] was born in Feb 1652 in Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

   317 M    vi. John Randolph [16040] was born in Jul 1653 in Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

   318 F    vii. Elizabeth Randolph [16041] was born in Dec 1655 in Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

   319 F    viii. Margaret Randolph [16042] was born in Feb 1657 in Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, England.

290. Henry Randolph [16050] was born in Nov 1623 in Little Houghton, Northhamptonshire, Canterbury, England and died about 1673 in Henrico County, Virginia about age 50.

General Notes: Henry Randolph was born in England in 1623 and came to Virginia in 1642, about the time Sir William Berkeley came to the Virginia's Governor. Henry married Judith Soane, daughter of Henry Soane, speaker of the House of Burgesses. Randolph was also Clerk of Henrico County from about 1656 and of the House of Burgesses from 1660 until shortly before his death in 1673. He went back to England in 1669 but became homesick for Virginia and returned to spend his last days there.

Henry married Elizabeth Unknown [16065] [MRIN: 5329] on 12 Oct 1652 in Virginia.

The child from this marriage was:

   320 M    i. William Randolph [16067] .

Henry next married Judith Soane [16063] [MRIN: 5328], daughter of Henry Soane [16091] and Unknown, on 12 Dec 1661.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 321 M    i. Henry Randolph [16064] was born in Jan 1665 and died on 26 Feb 1693 at age 28.

295. Elizabeth Morgan [19046] was born in 1583 and died in 1638 at age 55.

Elizabeth married Unknown Morgan [19047] [MRIN: 6541].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 322 M    i. James Morgan [19048] was born c1607 in Landaff, Glamorgan, Wales and died in 1685 in Groton, New London, CT at age 78.

296. Thomas Owen [18995] .

Thomas married.

His child was:

+ 323 M    i. Harry Thomas Owen [18996] .

297. Robert White IV [18605] was born about 1542 in South Petherton, Somerset, England and died on 7 Sep 1600 in Essex, England about age 58.

Robert married Alice Wright [18606] [MRIN: 6378] in 1561 in South Petherton, Somerset, England. Alice was born in 1542 in Soham, Cambridge, England and died on 22 Aug 1596 in South Petherton, Somerset, England at age 54.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 324 M    i. Robert White V [18607] was born on 17 May 1560 in Shalford, Essex, England and died about 17 Jun 1617 in Messing, Essex, England about age 57.

  Twenty-fourth Generation  

298. Francis Bowen [18152] .

Francis married Ellen Franklyn [18153] [MRIN: 6139].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 325 M    i. Griffith Bowen [18154] was born c1600 and died c1675 at age 75.

299. Rev. Samuel Russell [18233] was born on 4 Nov 1660 in Hadley, Massachusetts and died on 24 Jun 1731 in Branford, New Haven, CT at age 70.

Samuel married Abigail Whiting [18234] [MRIN: 6181] about 1686. Abigail was born about 1665 and died on 7 May 1733 about age 68.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 326 M    i. Col. John Russell [18235] was born on 24 Jan 1687 in Branford, New Haven, CT and died on 4 Jul 1757 in New Haven, CT at age 70.

300. Anne Carter [19109] was born in 1702 and died in 1743 at age 41.

Anne married Benjamin Harrison IV [16341] [MRIN: 5438] about 1722. Benjamin was born in 1693 and died in 1745 at age 52.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 327 F    i. Anne Carlin Harrison [16340] was born in 1713.

+ 328 M    ii. Benjamin Harrison [19077] was born in 1726 and died in 1791 at age 65.

301. Edmund Rawson [18267] was born on 8 Jul 1689 and died on 20 May 1765 at age 75.

Edmund married Elizabeth Hayward [18268] [MRIN: 6200] on 22 May 1717. Elizabeth was born on 16 Apr 1683 and died on 15 Jun 1759 at age 76.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 329 M    i. Abner Rawson [18269] was born on 27 Apr 1721 in Uxbridge, Massachusetts and died on 14 Nov 1794 in Uxbridge, Massachusetts at age 73.

302. Elizabeth Marshall [18299] died in 1640.

Elizabeth married Thomas Lewis [18300] [MRIN: 6217]. Thomas was born about 1590 and died in 1640 about age 50.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 330 F    i. Judith Lewis [18301] was born about 1618.

303. Margaret Thornton [18028] was born on 2 Apr 1678 and died after 1727.

Margaret married William Strother [18027] [MRIN: 6076], son of William Strother [18029] and Dorothy Unknown [18030]. William was born about 1665 and died on 26 Jul 1726 about age 61.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 331 M    i. Francis Strother [18025] died in 1752.

304. Elizabeth Thornton [18047] was born on 3 Jan 1674 in Glouchester County, Virginia and died in 1732 at age 58.

Elizabeth married Edwin Conway [18048] [MRIN: 6084] in 1695. Edwin was born about 1640 in Worchester County, England and died in Aug 1698 in Richmond County, Virginia about age 58.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 332 M    i. Francis Conway [18049] was born in 1696 in Lancaster County, Virginia and died in 1760 at age 64.

305. Robert Abell III [18388] died in 1663.

Robert married.

His child was:

+ 333 M    i. Caleb Abell [18389] .

306. Anna Tyng [18418] was born on 6 Jan 1640 in Boston, Massachusetts and died on 5 Aug 1709 in Milton, Massachusetts at age 69.

Anna married Rev. Thomas Shepard II [18419] [MRIN: 6281]. Thomas was born in 1635 and died in 1677 at age 42.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 334 F    i. Anna Shepard [18420] was born in 1663 and died in 1708 at age 45.

+ 335 M    ii. Thomas Shepard [18433] .

307. Anne Marbury [18343] was born on 20 Jul 1591 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England and died on 20 Aug 1643 in Pelham Bay, Long Island, New York at age 52.

Anne married William Hutchinson [18344] [MRIN: 6240] on 9 Aug 1612 in St. Martin Vintry, London, England. William was born on 14 Aug 1586 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England and died in 1642 in Boston, Massachusetts at age 56.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 336 M    i. Edward Hutchinson [18345] was born before 28 May 1613, was christened on 28 May 1613 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, and died on 10 Aug 1675 in Boston, Massachusetts.

308. Margaret Fraser [18483] was born c1573 in Bunchrew, Invernesshire, Scotland.

Margaret married James Cumming [18484] [MRIN: 6313].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 337 F    i. Janet Cumming [18485] .

309. John Baillie [18540] .

John married Jean Unknown [18541] [MRIN: 6345].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 338 M    i. Kenneth Baillie [18542] .

310. Mildred Reade [18568] was born on 2 Oct 1643 in Plantation Now, Williamsburg, Virginia and died on 20 Oct 1686 in Cumberland, Virginia at age 43.

Mildred married Col. Augustin Warner [18569] [MRIN: 6359] about 1670 in York County, Virginia. Augustin was born on 3 Jun 1642 in Warner Hall, York County, Virginia and died on 19 Jun 1681 in Warner Hall, Gloucester County, Virginia at age 39.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 339 F    i. Mildred Warner [18570] was born about 1671 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia and died on 26 Mar 1701 in Whitehaven, Cumberland, England about age 30.

311. William Strother [18029] died on 4 Nov 1702.

William married Dorothy Unknown [18030] [MRIN: 6077].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 340 M    i. William Strother [18027] was born about 1665 and died on 26 Jul 1726 about age 61.

315. Col. William Randolph [13028] was born in Oct 1650 in Moreton Morrell Parish, Warwickshire, England, died on 21 Apr 1711 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 60, and was buried in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

General Notes: The Randolph family in Virginia is commonly traced to William Randolph of Turkey Island, son of Sir Richard Randolph of Morton Hall, Warwickshire, who came to Virginia in 1673. William Randolph of Turkey Island married Mary Isham, granddaughter of Sir Henry Isham of Braunston, Northamptonshire. Her sister Anne Isham married Francis Eppes in Virginia. The Ishams and Randolphs intermarried in both England and Virginia.

Was a member of the House of Burgesses, the Council of Virginia and was Attorney General between 1696 and 1697. Speaker of the House in 1698 Virginia.

William married Mary Isham [15816] [MRIN: 4326], daughter of Henry Isham [15880] and Catherine Banks [15949], in 1678. Mary was born in 1659 in Bermuda Hundred, Chesterfield County, Virginia and died on 25 Dec 1735 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 76.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 341 F    i. Elizabeth Randolph [13027] was born in 1680 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 22 Jan 1719 in Virginia at age 39.

+ 342 M    ii. Col. William Randolph Jr. [15915] was born on 1 Nov 1681 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia, died on 19 Oct 1742 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 60, and was buried in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

+ 343 M    iii. Thomas Randolph [15950] was born on 3 Feb 1682 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 21 Oct 1729 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia at age 47.

+ 344 M    iv. Isham Randolph [15908] was born in Dec 1684 in Dungeness, Goochland County, Virginia and died on 2 Nov 1742 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 57.

   345 M    v. Henry Randolph [15951] was born about 1687.

+ 346 M    vi. Col. Richard Randolph [15906] was born in May 1690 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 17 Dec 1748 in Curles Neck Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 58.

+ 347 F    vii. Mary Randolph [15953] was born in 1692 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

+ 348 M    viii. John Randolph [15904] was born in Apr 1693 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 2 Mar 1737 in Williamsburg, Virginia at age 43.

+ 349 M    ix. Edward Randolph [15879] was born in Oct 1697 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

321. Henry Randolph [16064] was born in Jan 1665 and died on 26 Feb 1693 at age 28.

Henry married Sarah Swann [16068] [MRIN: 5330].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 350 M    i. Henry Randolph [16069] was born in Jan 1689 and died in Aug 1726 in Henrico County, Virginia at age 37.

322. James Morgan [19048] was born c1607 in Landaff, Glamorgan, Wales and died in 1685 in Groton, New London, CT at age 78.

James married Margaret Hill [19049] [MRIN: 6542] on 6 Aug 1640 in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Margaret was born on 16 Jun 1610 in Great Burstead, Billericay, Essex, England and died on 28 Apr 1690 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut at age 79.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 351 F    i. Hannah Morgan [19050] was born on 18 May 1642 in Roxbury, Suffolk, Massachusetts and died on 12 Dec 1706 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut at age 64.

323. Harry Thomas Owen [18996] .

Harry married.

His child was:

+ 352 M    i. Hugh Harry [18997] .

324. Robert White V [18607] was born on 17 May 1560 in Shalford, Essex, England and died about 17 Jun 1617 in Messing, Essex, England about age 57.

Robert married Bridget Allgar [18608] [MRIN: 6379] on 24 Jun 1585 in Shalford, Essex, England. Bridget was born on 11 Mar 1561 in Shalford, Essex, England and died after 24 Jun 1605.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 353 F    i. Anna Rosanna White [18609] was born on 13 Jul 1600 in Messing, Essex, England and died on 21 Apr 1648 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT at age 47.

  Twenty-fifth Generation  

325. Griffith Bowen [18154] was born c1600 and died c1675 at age 75.

Griffith married Margaret Fleming [18155] [MRIN: 6140] in 1627.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 354 M    i. Henry Bowen [18156] was born in Apr 1633 and died on 13 Mar 1724 at age 90.

326. Col. John Russell [18235] was born on 24 Jan 1687 in Branford, New Haven, CT and died on 4 Jul 1757 in New Haven, CT at age 70.

John married Sarah Towbridge [18236] [MRIN: 6182] on 17 Dec 1707 in New Haven, CT. Sarah was born on 26 Nov 1686 in New Haven, CT and died on 15 Jun 1757 in New Haven, CT at age 70.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 355 F    i. Rebecca Russell [18237] was born on 6 Feb 1723 in New Haven, CT and died on 27 May 1773 in New Haven, CT at age 50.

327. Anne Carlin Harrison [16340] was born in 1713.

Anne married William Randolph [16035] [MRIN: 5437], son of Col. William Randolph Jr. [15915] and Elizabeth Peyton Beverley [15916], in 1735 in Virginia. William was born in 1711 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died in 1761 at age 50.

General Notes: Member of the House of Burgesses, Virginia from 1758 to 1761.

Residence at "Wilton", Henrico County, Virginia.

Children from this marriage were:

   356 M    i. Peyton Randolph [16342] was born in 1750.

   357 M    ii. William Randolph [19110] .

   358 M    iii. Peter Randolph [19111] .

   359 M    iv. Harrison Randolph [19112] .

   360 M    v. Benjamin Randolph [19113] .

   361 F    vi. Mary Randolph [19114] .

   362 F    vii. Anne Randolph [19115] .

   363 F    viii. Elizabeth Randolph [19116] .

   364 F    ix. Lucy Randolph [19117] .

328. Benjamin Harrison [19077] was born in 1726 and died in 1791 at age 65.

Benjamin married Elizabeth Bassett [19078] [MRIN: 6556]. Elizabeth was born in 1730 and died in 1792 at age 62.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 365 M    i. 9th President William Henry Harrison [19079] was born on 9 Feb 1773 in Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia and died on 4 Apr 1841 in White House, Washington D. C. at age 68.

329. Abner Rawson [18269] was born on 27 Apr 1721 in Uxbridge, Massachusetts and died on 14 Nov 1794 in Uxbridge, Massachusetts at age 73.

Abner married Mary Allen [18270] [MRIN: 6201] on 17 May 1745 in Medway, Massachusetts. Mary was born on 22 Jul 1722 in Medway, Massachusetts and died on 10 Aug 1790 in Uxbridge, Massachusetts at age 68.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 366 F    i. Rhoda Rawson [18271] was born on 4 Oct 1749 and died on 9 Jun 1827 at age 77.

330. Judith Lewis [18301] was born about 1618.

Judith married James Gibbons [18302] [MRIN: 6218].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 367 F    i. Hannah Gibbons [18303] .

331. Francis Strother [18025] died in 1752.

Francis married Susannah Dabney [18026] [MRIN: 6075]. Susannah died after 1752.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 368 M    i. William Strother [18011] was born about 1725 and died about 1808 about age 83.

332. Francis Conway [18049] was born in 1696 in Lancaster County, Virginia and died in 1760 at age 64.

Francis married Rebecca Catlett [18050] [MRIN: 6085] about 1725. Rebecca was born about 1700 and died in 1760 about age 60.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 369 F    i. Eleanor Rose Conway [18051] was born in 1731 and died in 1829 at age 98.

333. Caleb Abell [18389] .

Caleb married.

His child was:

+ 370 F    i. Experience Abell [18390] was born in 1674 and died in 1763 at age 89.

334. Anna Shepard [18420] was born in 1663 and died in 1708 at age 45.

Anna married Daniel Quincy [18421] [MRIN: 6282]. Daniel was born in 1650 and died in 1690 at age 40.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 371 M    i. Col. John Quincy [18422] was born in 1689 and died in 1767 at age 78.

335. Thomas Shepard [18433] .

Thomas married Mary Anderson [18434] [MRIN: 6287]. Mary died in 1717.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 372 F    i. Anna Shepard [18435] was born on 30 Jan 1684 and died on 7 May 1735 at age 51.

336. Edward Hutchinson [18345] was born before 28 May 1613, was christened on 28 May 1613 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, and died on 10 Aug 1675 in Boston, Massachusetts.

Edward married Catherine Hamby [18346] [MRIN: 6241]. Catherine was born on 19 Oct 1615.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 373 M    i. Elijah Hutchinson [18347] was born in 1641 and died in 1717 at age 76.

337. Janet Cumming [18485] .

Janet married Unknown Munro [18486] [MRIN: 6314].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 374 F    i. Agnes Munro [18487] .

338. Kenneth Baillie [18542] .

Kenneth married Elizabeth Mackay [18543] [MRIN: 6346].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 375 F    i. Ann Elizabeth Baillie [18544] .

339. Mildred Warner [18570] was born about 1671 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia and died on 26 Mar 1701 in Whitehaven, Cumberland, England about age 30.

Mildred married Capt. Laurence Washington [18571] [MRIN: 6360], son of John Washington [20139] and Anne Pope [20140], about 1689 in Virginia. Laurence was born on 1 Sep 1659 in Pope's Creek, Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 1 Feb 1698 in Warner Hall, Gloucester County, Virginia at age 38.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 376 M    i. Capt. Augustin Washington [18572] was born c1693 in Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 12 Apr 1743 in Ferry Farm, King George County, Virginia at age 50.

340. William Strother [18027] was born about 1665 and died on 26 Jul 1726 about age 61.

William married Margaret Thornton [18028] [MRIN: 6076], daughter of Francis Thornton [18045] and Alice Savage [18046]. Margaret was born on 2 Apr 1678 and died after 1727.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 303)

341. Elizabeth Randolph [13027] was born in 1680 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 22 Jan 1719 in Virginia at age 39.

Elizabeth married Richard Bland [13024] [MRIN: 4325], son of Theodorick Bland [15819] and Anne Bennett [13030], in 1701 in Henrico County, Virginia. Richard was born on 11 Aug 1665 in Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia, died on 6 Apr 1720 in Prince George, Virginia at age 54, and was buried in Westover, Charles City County, Virginia.

General Notes: Held residence at "Jordan's Point" in Prince George City County, Virginia. A member of the House of Burgesses in Virginia; resided at times in Williamsburg, Virginia. Left a will that was proved on April 12, 1720.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 377 F    i. Mary Bland [13047] was born on 21 Aug 1704 in Prince George, Virginia and died in 1764 in Virginia at age 60.

+ 378 F    ii. Elizabeth Bland [13048] was born on 29 May 1705 in Prince George City County, Virginia.

+ 379 M    iii. Theodorick Bland [34307] was born on 2 Dec 1708 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in May 1790 in Amelia County, Virginia at age 81.

+ 380 M    iv. Lt. Richard Bland [13046] was born on 6 May 1710 and died on 26 Oct 1776 at age 66.

+ 381 F    v. Anna Bland [15872] was born on 25 Feb 1712.

342. Col. William Randolph Jr. [15915] was born on 1 Nov 1681 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia, died on 19 Oct 1742 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 60, and was buried in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

General Notes: Resided at Chatesworth, Henrico County, Virginia. Also resided at Turkey Island Plantation, Virginia. Was Clerk of the County from 1710 to 1720 in Henrico County, Virginia; a member of the House of Burgesses 1718, 1720-1726; was Treasurer of the Colony in 1737; Royal Councillar of State in 1737 Virginia.

William married Elizabeth Peyton Beverley [15916] [MRIN: 5303], daughter of Col. Peter Beverley [16348] and Elizabeth Peyton [16349], on 22 Jun 1709. Elizabeth was born in Jan 1691 in Virginia and died on 26 Dec 1723 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 32.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 382 M    i. William Randolph [16035] was born in 1711 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died in 1761 at age 50.

   383 M    ii. Beverley Randolph [16333] was born in 1713 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died in Jan 1713.

General Notes: Justice of the Peace for Henrico County, Virginia; member of the House of Burgesses 1748-1751.

Beverley married Elizabeth Lightfoot [16334] [MRIN: 5430], daughter of Francis Lightfoot [16335] and Elizabeth Unknown [16336], in Dec 1737.

+ 384 F    iii. Elizabeth Randolph [16031] was born in Oct 1715.

+ 385 M    iv. Col. Peter Randolph [16034] was born in Oct 1717 and died in Jul 1767 in Chatesworth, Henrico County, Virginia at age 49.

   386 F    v. Mary Randolph [16032] was born in Jul 1719.

General Notes: Residence at "Cool Water", Hanover County, Virginia.

Mary married John Price Jr. [16339] [MRIN: 5436], son of John Price [15954] and Jane Cannon [16055]. John was born in Wales.

343. Thomas Randolph [15950] was born on 3 Feb 1682 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 21 Oct 1729 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia at age 47.

General Notes: Colonel Thomas Randolph.

Thomas married Judith Fleming [15978] [MRIN: 5319], daughter of Charles Fleming [16343] and Susan Tarleton [16344], on 16 Oct 1712 in Henrico (Goochland) County, VA.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 387 M    i. Col. William Randolph [15979] was born in 1713 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia and died in Sep 1745 in Virginia at age 32.

   388 F    ii. Mary Isham Randolph [15980] .

Mary married Rev. James Keith [16345] [MRIN: 5439] in 1730. James was born in 1696 in Petershead, Scotland and died in 1753 in Fauquier County, Virginia at age 57.

+ 389 F    iii. Judith Randolph [15981] .

344. Isham Randolph [15908] was born in Dec 1684 in Dungeness, Goochland County, Virginia and died on 2 Nov 1742 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 57.

General Notes: Adjutant General Isham Randolph. Member of the House of Burgesses 1740.

Isham married Jane Rogers [15909] [MRIN: 5280] on 25 Jul 1718 in White Chapel, Middlesex, London, England.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 390 F    i. Jane Randolph [15910] was born in 1720 in London, England and died in 1776 at age 56.

   391 M    ii. Isham Randolph [15986] .

   392 M    iii. William Randolph [15987] .

+ 393 M    iv. Thomas Isham Randolph [15988] .

   394 F    v. Mary Randolph [15989] .

   395 F    vi. Elizabeth Randolph [15990] .

   396 F    vii. Dorothy Randolph [15991] .

   397 F    viii. Anne Randolph [15992] .

+ 398 F    ix. Susannah Randolph [15993] .

346. Col. Richard Randolph [15906] was born in May 1690 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 17 Dec 1748 in Curles Neck Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia at age 58.

General Notes: Treasurer of the Colony of Virginia and member of the House of Burgesses in 1740 Virginia.

Richard married Jane Bolling [15907] [MRIN: 5279], daughter of Col. John Bolling [23613] and Mary Kennon [16332], about 1714. Jane was born in 1703 and died in 1766 at age 63.

Children from this marriage were:

   399 M    i. Ryland Randolph [16005] .

   400 F    ii. Elizabeth Randolph [16006] .

Elizabeth married Roland Richard Kidder Meade [34243] [MRIN: 11603].

+ 401 M    iii. Richard Randolph [16002] was born about 1715 in Curles Neck Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 6 Jun 1786 about age 71.

+ 402 F    iv. Mary Randolph [16004] was born on 21 Nov 1727 and died on 5 Nov 1781 at age 53.

+ 403 F    v. Jane Randolph [16003] was born about 1730.

+ 404 M    vi. Brett Randolph [15945] was born about 1732 in England and died about 1759 in England about age 27.

+ 405 M    vii. John Randolph [15960] was born about 1742 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in Oct 1775 about age 33.

347. Mary Randolph [15953] was born in 1692 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

Mary married John Stith [15955] [MRIN: 5304], son of Lt. John Stith [34174] and Jane Unknown [34175], in 1712.

General Notes: Captain John Stith.

Children from this marriage were:

+ 406 M    i. Rev. William Stith [34173] .

+ 407 M    ii. John Stith [15957] .

+ 408 F    iii. Mary Randolph Stith [15958] .

348. John Randolph [15904] was born in Apr 1693 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 2 Mar 1737 in Williamsburg, Virginia at age 43.

John married Susanna Beverley [15905] [MRIN: 5278], daughter of Col. Peter Beverley [16348] and Elizabeth Peyton [16349], about 1718. Susanna was born in 1690 and died in 1768 at age 78.

Children from this marriage were:

   409 M    i. Beverley Randolph [15994] was born about 1719.

Beverley married Sarah Wormeley [34179] [MRIN: 11574], daughter of John Wormeley [34180] and Elizabeth Unknown [34181].

   410 M    ii. Peyton Randolph [15995] was born in 1721 in Williamsburg, Virginia, died on 22 Oct 1775 in Philadelphia at age 54, and was buried in William And Mary College, Virginia.

General Notes: born 1721, Williamsburg, Va. [U.S.]
died Oct. 22, 1775, Philadelphia, Pa.

First president of the U.S. Continental Congress.

Randolph was educated at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., and became a member of the Virginia bar in 1744. Four years later, in recognition of his stature as a lawyer, he was appointed king's attorney for Virginia. The same year, he was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses, where he served almost continuously until the time of his death. A member of the colonial aristocracy, he regarded himself as a spokesman for both thecrown and his fellow Virginians.

Randolph was opposed to the colonists' radical response to the Stamp Act. Looked to for leadership during the pre-Revolutionary disputes with England, he played a moderating and cautious role. But his patriotism was never in question, and he became more radical over time. By 1773 he was serving as chairman of the Virginia Committee of Correspondence.

In 1774 Randolph led the seven Virginia delegates to the first session of the Continental Congress. There he was elected president of the Congress, but in 1775 he suffered a stroke while in Philadelphia and died. John Hancock, whose views were far more radical, succeeded him as president.

-------

Born the second son of Sir John and Lady Susannah Randolph. His first name was the maiden name of his maternal grandmother. The surname Randolph identified him with the powerful 18th century Virginia clan. When he was three or four years old, the family moved into the imposing wooden structure on Market Square now known as the Peyton Randolph House. His father, among Virginia's most distinguished attorney's, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, and a wealthy man, died when Peyton was 16, leaving the house and other property for him in trust with his mother. The will also gave him his father's extensive library in the hope he would "betake himself to the study of law."

He attended the College of William and Mary, then the law school at London's Inn of Court. He entered the Middle Temple on October 13, 1739 and took a place at the bar February 10, 1743. On returning to Williamsburg he was appointed the colony's attorney general by Governor William Gooch, May 7, 1744.

He married Betty Harrison March 8, 1746.

1747 - vestryman Bruton Parish Church
1748 - Representative to the House of Burgesses
1749 - Justice of the Peace
1755 - House of Burgesses
1757 - College of William and Mary Board Member
1766 - Elected Speaker of the House of Burgesses defeating Richard Henry Lee.

A result of the Stamp Act found Peyton Randolph joining the revolutionary movement. Supported, along with George Washington, a ban on the importation to Virginia of any British goods. Along with Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison and Edmund Pendleton, formed a committee of delegates to Congress.

Peyton Randolph was chairman of the Second Virginia Convention in Richmond when Patrick Henry made his famous, "give me liberty or give me death" speech. The British sought to capture and hang him. On Sunday, October 23, 1775, after a session of the Third Virginia Convention, he choked and died in Philadelphia.
-------

Peyton Randolph
(Born 1721, died 1775)
When he returned to Williamsburg after presiding over the Continental Congress in 1775, Peyton Randolph was on the black list of patriots the redcoats proposed to arrest and hang. The city's volunteer company of militia offered him its protection in an address that concluded: "MAY HEAVEN GRANT YOU LONG TO LIVE THE FATHER OF YOUR COUNTRY, AND THE FRIEND TO FREEDOM AND HUMANITY!"

If his friend George Washington succeeded him to the title of America's patrimonial honors, Randolph nevertheless did as much as any Virginian to bring the new nation into the world. He presided over every important Virginia assembly in the years leading to the Revolution, was among the first of the colony's great men to oppose the Stamp Act, chaired the first meeting of the delegates of 13 colonies at Philadelphia in 1774, and chaired the second in 1775.

He had been born 54 years before--probably in Williamsburg--the second son of Sir John and Lady Susannah Randolph. His first name was his maternal grandmother's maiden name, just as his older brother Beverley's was their mother's. The surname Randolph identified him as a scion of 18th-century Virginia's most powerful clan.

When he was three or four years old, the family moved into the imposing wooden home on Market Square now known as the Peyton Randolph House. His father, among Virginia's most distinguished attorneys, Speaker of the House of Burgesses, and a wealthy man, died when Peyton was 16, leaving the house and other property for him in trust with his mother. The will also gave Peyton his father's extensive library in the hope he would "betake himself to the study of law." By then, he had a brother John and a sister Mary.

Attentive to his father's wishes, he attended the College of William and Mary, then learned the law in London's Inns of Court. He entered the Middle Temple on October 13, 1739, and took a place at the bar February 10, 1743. Returning to Williamsburg, he was appointed the colony's attorney general by Governor William Gooch on May 7, 1744. His father had filled the office before him, and his brother would assume the role after.

When he turned 24, Randolph reached the age set for his inheritance. On March 8, 1746, he married Betty Harrison, and on July 21 (more than two years after his return), he qualified himself for the private practice of law in York County.

His cousin Thomas Jefferson may have shed some light on the delay in a character sketch he wrote of Randolph years later. "He was indeed a most excellent man," Jefferson said, but "heavy and inert in body, he was rather too indolent and careless for business."

He was, as well, occupied with myriad public duties. In 1747 he became a vestryman of Bruton Parish Church, in 1748 Williamsburg's representative in the house of Burgesses, and in 1749 a justice of the peace. He returned to the House in 1752 as the burgess for the college, and on December 15, 1753, the house hired him as its special agent for some ticklish business in London.

Soon after he arrived in Virginia in 1751, Governor Robert Dinwiddie had begun to exercise a right no governor had before: the imposition of a fee for certifying land patents. For his signature, Dinwiddie demanded a pistol, a Spanish coin worth about 20 shillings. Regarding the fee as an unauthorized tax, Virginians objected, though to no result.

Peyton Randolph was dispatched to England as the house's agent, with directions to go over the governor's head. But as attorney general, it was his duty to represent the interests of the Crown, of which Dinwiddie was the principal representative in Virginia. Randolph was attacking the right of the governor he was appointed to defend.

The governor refused to give Peyton Randolph permission to leave the colony, but he left anyway. In London, he had to answer for his action, and he was ousted from the attorney general's office. Dinwiddie had already named George Wythe as acting attorney general in Randolph's place.

Nevertheless, the London officials pointedly suggested that Dinwiddie reconsider his fee and said that they would have no objection to Peyton Randolph's reinstatement if he apologized. So he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to Williamsburg.

Reelected burgess for the college in 1755, he involved himself the next year in a somewhat ludicrous, though harmless, attempt to promote morale during the French and Indian War. With other prominent men, he formed the Associators, a group to raise and pay bounties for private troops to join the regular force at Winchester. George Washington, in charge of the fort there, wasn't sure what he would do with the untrained men if they arrived. Not enough came, however, to cause any inconvenience.

In 1757, Randolph joined the college's board, and he served as a rector for one year. He was reelected burgess for Williamsburg in 1761, and thus entered the phase of his life that thrust him into a leadership role in the Revolution.

Word of Parliament's intended Stamp Act brought Virginians and their burgesses into conflict with the Crown itself in 1764. Peyton Randolph was appointed chairman of a committee to draft protests to the king, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons maintaining the colony's exclusive right of self-taxation.

The responsibility put him at odds with Patrick Henry, the Virginian most noted for opposition to the tax. At the end of the legislative session in 1765, Henry, a freshman, introduced seven resolutions against the act. Peyton Randolph, George Wythe, and others thought that Henry's resolutions added nothing to the colony's case and that their consideration was improper until the colony had a reply to its earlier protests.

In the final days of the session, after many opponents had left the city, Patrick Henry introduced his measures and made his "Caesar-Brutus" speech. Peyton Randolph, though not yet Speaker, was presiding. When Speaker John Robinson resumed the chair the following day (May 30), Henry carried five of his resolves by a single ballot. A tie would have allowed Robinson to cast the deciding "nay." Jefferson, standing at the chamber door, said Peyton Randolph emerged saying, "By God, I would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote."

Patrick Henry left town, and the next day his fifth (and most radical) resolution was expunged by the burgesses who remained. Nevertheless, it was reprinted with the others in newspapers across the colonies as if it stood.

Peyton Randolph was elected Speaker on November 6, 1766, succeeding the deceased Robinson and defeating Richard Henry Lee. Peyton's brother John succeeded him as attorney general the following June. By now the brothers had begun to disagree politically; John's conservatism would take him to England in 1775 while Peyton joined the rebellion.

Another set of Patrick Henry's resolves, against the Townshend Duties, came before the House in May 1769. This time Peyton Randolph approved their passage, but Governor Botetourt did not. He dissolved the assembly. The "former representatives of the people," as they called themselves, met the next day at the Raleigh Tavern with Speaker Peyton Randolph in the chair. They adopted a compact drafted by George Mason and introduced by George Washington against the importation of British goods. Speaker Randolph was the first to sign.

When the new legislature met in the winter, the governor was pleased to announce the repeal of all of the Townshend Duties, except the small one on tea. Legislative attention turned to other, calmer affairs. The next summer Peyton Randolph became chairman of the building committee for the Public Hospital.

Tempers flared again in 1773, when Great Britain proposed to transport a band of Rhode Island smugglers to England for trial. The implications for Virginia were troublesome, and the burgesses appointed a standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry with Speaker Peyton Randolph as chairman. The following May brought word of the closing of the port of Boston in retaliation for its Tea Party.

On May 24, 1774, Robert Carter Nicholas introduced a resolution drafted by Thomas Jefferson that read:

"This House, being deeply impressed with apprehension of the great dangers, to be derived to British America, from the hostile Invasion of the City of Boston, in our Sister Colony of Massachusetts bay, whose commerce and harbor are, on the first Day of June next, to be stopped by an Armed force, deem it highly necessary that the said first day of June be set apart, by the Members of this House, as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer, devoutly to implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy Calamity which threatens destruction to our Civil Rights, and the Evils of civil War; to give us one heart and one Mind to firmly oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to American Rights; and that the Minds of his Majesty and his parliament, may be inspired from above with Wisdom, Moderation, and Justice, to remove from the loyal People of America, all cause of danger, from a continued pursuit of Measure, pregnant with their ruin."

It was adopted.

Governor Dunmore summoned the house on May 26 and told Peyton Randolph: "Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, I have in my hand a paper published by order of your House, conceived in such terms as reflect highly upon His Majesty and the Parliament of Great Britain, which makes it necessary for me to dissolve you; and you are accordingly dissolved."

On May 27, 1775, 89 burgesses gathered again at the Raleigh Tavern to form another non importation association, and the following day the Committee of Correspondence proposed a Continental Congress. Twenty-five burgesses met at Peyton Randolph's house on May 30 and scheduled a state convention to be held on August 1 to consider a proposal from Boston for a ban on exports to England.

Peyton Randolph led the community to Bruton Parish Church on June 1 to pray for Boston, and soon he was organizing a Williamsburg drive to send provisions and cash for its relief. The First Virginia Convention approved the export ban and elected as delegates to the Congress Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton.

On August 18, 1774, before he left Williamsburg, Peyton Randolph wrote his will, leaving his property to the use of his wife for life. They had no children. The property was to be auctioned after her death and the proceeds divided among Randolph's heirs.

When Congress convened in Philadelphia on September 5, Thomas Lynch of South Carolina nominated Peyton Randolph to be chairman. He was elected by unanimous vote. Delegate Silas Deane wrote Mrs. Deane: "Designed by nature for the business, of an affable, open and majestic deportment, large in size, though not out of proportion, he commands respect and esteem by his very aspect, independent of the high character he sustains."

In October 1774, Peyton Randolph returned to Williamsburg to preside at an impending meeting of the house. Repeatedly postponed, it did not meet until the following June. Nonetheless, on November 9 Peyton Randolph accepted a copy of the Continental Association banning trade with England signed by nearly 500 merchants gathered in Williamsburg.

Peyton Randolph was in the chair again at the Second Virginia Convention in Richmond on March 23 when Patrick Henry rose and made his "Liberty or Death" speech in favor of the formation of a statewide militia. In reaction Governor Dunmore removed the gunpowder from Williamsburg's Magazine on April 21. Alerted to the theft, a mob gathered at the Courthouse. Peyton Randolph was one of the leaders who persuaded the crowd to disperse and averted violence.

Peyton Randolph led the Virginia delegation to the Second Continental Congress in May 1775, and he again took the chair. General Thomas Gage, commander of British forces in America, had been issued blank warrants for the execution of rebel leaders and a list of names with which to fill them. Peyton Randolph's name was on the list. He returned to Williamsburg under guard, and the town bells pealed to announce his safe arrival. The militia escorted him to his house and pledged to guarantee his safety.

The Third Virginia Convention reelected its speaker to Congress in July 1775, and Randolph left for Philadelphia in late August or early September. By this time, John Hancock had succeeded him to its chair.

About 8 p.m. on Sunday, October 23, Peyton Randolph began to choke, a side of his face contorted, and he died of an "apoplectic stroke." He was buried that Tuesday at Christ's Church in Philadelphia. His nephew, Edmund Randolph, brought his remains to Williamsburg in 1776, and he was interred in the family crypt in the Chapel at the College of William and Mary on November 26.

Peyton Randolph's estate was auctioned on February 19, 1783, after Betty Randolph's death. Thomas Jefferson bought his books. Among them were bound records dating to Virginia's earliest days that still are consulted by historians. Added to the collection at Monticello that Jefferson sold to the federal government years later, they became part of the core of the Library of Congress.

Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Peyton married Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison [19118] [MRIN: 6572] on 8 Mar 1746. Elizabeth died about 1783.

+ 411 M    iii. John Randolph [15996] was born in 1727 in Virginia and died on 30 Jun 1784 in London, England at age 57.

+ 412 F    iv. Mary Randolph [15997] .

349. Edward Randolph [15879] was born in Oct 1697 in Turkey Island Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia.

General Notes: Edward Randolph.

Elizabeth Graves may have been Elizabeth Graves-Grosvener of Bristol, England. She married Edward Randolph in 1717 or 1718. Edward was born 1697 in Turkey Island, Henrico Co., VA, and lived in Bremo, VA. His parents were Col. William Randolph, born Oct. 1651 in Yorkshire, England, and Mary Isham, born 1660 in Bermuda Hundred, Henrico Co., VA. William Randolph emigrated from England in 1669. William Randolph's parents were Richard and Elizabeth Ryland Randolph and his grandfather was William Randolph of Sussex, England.

"Edward lived in England and was Captain of a ship captivated at a launch at Gravesend. Miss Graves, and heiress of 10,000 whom he married. Older member of family, contemporary with his grandmother who was a granddaughter of Mrs. Randolph said Grosvener Square (in London) was associated with Mrs. Randolph's name, and an old aunt, a childless widow and the repository of all family tradition and heirlooms, and an almost daily companion for 50 years, urged the giving of this name Grosvener to the writer's (Bishop Meade) youngest brother to preserve it in family history. She always spoke of Mrs. Randolph as an heiress, and either a Quakeress or of Quaker sympathies and so much opposed to negro slaves that she never came to Virginia."

Edward married.

His child was:

+ 413 F    i. Elizabeth Randolph [15975] .

Edward married Elizabeth Graves [15972] [MRIN: 5318] about 1715. Elizabeth was born in Briston, England.

Children from this marriage were:

   414 M    i. Joseph Randolph [15973] .

+ 415 M    ii. Edward Randolph [15974] .

+ 416 F    iii. Elizabeth Randolph [15975] .

   417 F    iv. Mary Randolph [15976] .

Mary married Rev. Robert Yates [23564] [MRIN: 7967].

   418 F    v. Catherine Randolph [15977] .

350. Henry Randolph [16069] was born in Jan 1689 and died in Aug 1726 in Henrico County, Virginia at age 37.

Henry married Elizabeth Eppes [16070] [MRIN: 5331] on 29 Mar 1714 in Virginia.

Children from this marriage were:

   419 F    i. Sarah Randolph [16071] .

   420 F    ii. Anne Randolph [16072] .

+ 421 M    iii. Henry Randolph [16073] was born in Feb 1721 in Henrico County, Virginia and died in Apr 1771 at age 50.

   422 M    iv. Francis Randolph [16074] .

   423 F    v. Grief Randolph [16075] .

   424 F    vi. Mourning Randolph [16076] .

351. Hannah Morgan [19050] was born on 18 May 1642 in Roxbury, Suffolk, Massachusetts and died on 12 Dec 1706 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut at age 64.

Hannah married Nehemiah Royce [19051] [MRIN: 6543] on 20 Nov 1660 in New Haven, CT. Nehemiah was born c1636 and died on 7 Nov 1706 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut at age 70.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 425 F    i. Lydia Royce [19052] was born on 28 May 1680 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut and died c1750 at age 70.

352. Hugh Harry [18997] .

Hugh married Elizabeth Brinton [18998] [MRIN: 6518].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 426 M    i. John Harry [18999] .

353. Anna Rosanna White [18609] was born on 13 Jul 1600 in Messing, Essex, England and died on 21 Apr 1648 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT at age 47.

Anna married John Porter [18610] [MRIN: 6380] on 18 Oct 1620 in Messing, Essex, England. John was born about 21 Jun 1594 in Felsted, Essex, England and died on 21 Apr 1648 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT about age 53.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 427 F    i. Mary Porter [18611] was born about 1638 in Felstead, Essex, England and died on 16 Dec 1681 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT about age 43.

  Twenty-sixth Generation  

354. Henry Bowen [18156] was born in Apr 1633 and died on 13 Mar 1724 at age 90.

Henry married Elizabeth Johnson [18157] [MRIN: 6141] on 20 Dec 1658. Elizabeth was born about 13 Aug 1633.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 428 M    i. John Bowen [18158] was born on 1 Sep 1662 and died on 24 Nov 1718 at age 56.

355. Rebecca Russell [18237] was born on 6 Feb 1723 in New Haven, CT and died on 27 May 1773 in New Haven, CT at age 50.

Rebecca married Capt. Ezekiel Hayes [18238] [MRIN: 6183] on 26 Dec 1749 in Branford, New Haven, CT. Ezekiel was born on 21 Oct 1724 in Simsbury, CT and died on 17 Oct 1807 in New Haven, CT at age 82.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 429 M    i. Rutherford Hayes [18239] was born on 29 Jul 1756 in Branford, New Haven, CT and died on 25 Sep 1836 in West Brattleboro, Windham County, Vermont at age 80.

365. 9th President William Henry Harrison [19079] was born on 9 Feb 1773 in Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia and died on 4 Apr 1841 in White House, Washington D. C. at age 68.

General Notes: born Feb. 9, 1773, Charles City county, Va. [U.S.]
died April 4, 1841, Washington, D.C.

Ninth president of the United States (1841), whose Indian campaigns, while a territorial governor and army officer, thrust him into the national limelight and led to his election in 1840. He was the oldest man, at 67, ever elected president up to that time, the last president born under British rule, and the first to die in office—after only one month's service. His grandson Benjamin Harrison was 23rd president of the United States (1889–93).

Harrison was born at Berkeley, a Virginia plantation, and descended from two wealthy and well-connected Virginia families. His father, Benjamin Harrison, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a member of the Continental Congress; a brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, served six years in the House of Representatives. Harrison attended Hampden-Sydney College in 1787, then studied medicine in Richmond, Virginia, and in Philadelphia with Benjamin Rush.

At age 18 Harrison enlisted as an army officer, serving as an aide-de-camp to General Anthony Wayne, who was engaged in a struggle against the Northwest Indian Confederation over the westward encroachment of white settlers. Harrison took part in the campaign that ended in the Battle of FallenTimbers (August 20, 1794), near present-day Maumee, Ohio. He was named secretary of the Northwest Territory, a vast tract of land encompassing most of the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, in 1798, and he was sent to Congress as a territorial delegate the following year. In May 1800 Harrison was appointed governor of the newly created Indiana Territory, where, succumbing to the demands of land-hungry whites, he negotiated between 1802 and 1809 a number of treaties that stripped the Indians of that region of millions of acres.

Resisting this expansionism, the Shawnee intertribal leader Tecumseh organized an Indian uprising. Leading a force of seasoned regulars and militia, Harrison defeated the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe (November 7, 1811), near present-day Lafayette, Indiana, a victory that largely established his military reputation in the public mind. A few months after the War of 1812 broke out with Great Britain, Harrison was made a brigadier general and placed in command of all federal forces in the Northwest Territory. On October 5, 1813, troops under his command decisively defeated the British and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Thames, in Ontario, Canada. Tecumseh was killed in the battle, and the British-Indian alliance was permanently destroyed; thus ended resistance inthe Northwest.

After the war Harrison settled in Ohio, where he quickly became active in politics. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1816–19), the Ohio Senate (1819–21), and the U.S. Senate (1825–28) and as minister to Colombia (1828–29). In 1836 he was one of three presidential candidates of the splintered Whig Party, but he lost the election to Democrat Martin VanBuren. Nonetheless, his popular-vote totals were large enough to encourage him to make another attempt. In 1840 Harrison won the Whig nomination over Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, largely because of his military record and his noncommittal political views. In him the Whigs believed they had found a new Andrew Jackson, attractive as a war hero and a frontiersman. He became, as a result, the first “packaged” presidential candidate, depicted as a simple soul from the backwoods. To pull in Southern Democrats, the Whigs nominated John Tyler of Virginia for vice president. Capitalizing on voters' distress over the severe economic depression caused by the panic of 1837, the campaign deliberately avoided discussion of national issues and substituted political songs, partisan slogans, and appropriate insignia: miniature log cabins and jugs of hard cider were widely distributed to emphasize Harrison's frontier identification, and the cry of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” rang throughout the land, calling up Harrison's dramatic triumph on the field of battle 29 years earlier. These appeals triumphed, with Harrison winning 234 electoral votes to incumbent Martin Van Buren's 60.

Harrison was the first president-elect to travel by railroad to Washington for his inauguration. Wearing no gloves and no overcoat despite the freezing weather, he rode up Pennsylvania Avenue on a white horse to take the oath of office on March 4, 1841. It was said that he was as pleased with the presidency “as a young woman with a new bonnet.” In the cold drizzle he delivered an inaugural address that lasted almost two hours. In it he highlighted a common Whig concern—“executive usurpation”—and reconfirmed his belief in a limited role for the U.S. president. He said he would serve but one term, limit his use of the veto, and leave revenue schemes to Congress. The address was circulated to some parts of the country by railroad; people outside of Washington for the first time could read the president's words the same day they were uttered.

Harrison was soon overwhelmed by office seekers. He was thoroughly dominated by the better-known leaders of his party—Daniel Webster, whom he appointed secretary of state, and Henry Clay. His relations with Clay were embittered, as Clay then preferred to wield power as leader of the Whigs in Congress. Once when Clay was pressing his opinions on him, Harrison responded, “Mr. Clay, you forget that I am president.” Harrison tried to do everything expected of him, even trudging around Washington to purchase supplies for the White House. But a cold he had contracted on inauguration day developed into pneumonia, and he died just a month later, on April 4, bringing “His Accidency,” John Tyler, to the presidency. The first president to lie in state in the Capitol, Harrison was buried in Washington. In June his remains were reinterred in what is now the William Henry Harrison Memorial State Park in North Bend, Ohio.

Harrison's wife was Anna Symmes Harrison, who had been born in New Jersey of a well-connected family; her father served as chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. During the American Revolution, when the British occupied New Jersey, her father smuggled her, then an infant, through enemy lines to her grandparents' home on Long Island, New York, where she grew up. She received elite schooling there and later in New YorkCity. Her father opposed her marriage to Harrison, but he became reconciled as Harrison rose to prominence. She had not accompanied Harrison to Washington, intending to follow him to the White House later to take up her role as first lady. At first she had enthusiastically supported Harrison's electioneering, seemingly eager to greet visitors who flocked to their home in North Bend. But when one of the Harrisons' sons, his namesake, died in 1838, she fell into depression, even questioning her husband's zeal to be president at his advanced age. Accompanying Harrison to the capital and intending temporarily to substitute for his wife as hostess was a daughter-in-law, his son's widow, Jane Irwin Harrison.

William married Anna Tuthill Symmes [19080] [MRIN: 6557] on 22 Nov 1795 in North Bend, Ohio. Anna was born on 25 Jul 1775 in Flatbrook, Sussex County, New Jersey and died on 25 Feb 1864 in North Bend, Ohio at age 88.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 430 M    i. John Scott Harrison [19081] was born on 4 Oct 1804 in Vincennes, Indiana and died on 25 May 1878 in Point Farm, North Bend, Ohio at age 73.

366. Rhoda Rawson [18271] was born on 4 Oct 1749 and died on 9 Jun 1827 at age 77.

Rhoda married Aaron Taft [18272] [MRIN: 6202] on 1 Jun 1769. Aaron was born on 28 May 1743 and died on 26 Mar 1808 at age 64.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 431 M    i. Peter Rawson Taft [18273] was born on 14 Apr 1785 and died on 1 Jan 1867 at age 81.

367. Hannah Gibbons [18303] .

Hannah married Unknown Hibbert [18304] [MRIN: 6219].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 432 F    i. Mary Hibbert [18305] .

368. William Strother [18011] was born about 1725 and died about 1808 about age 83.

William married Sarah Bayly [18012] [MRIN: 6070]. Sarah was born about 1720 and died on 22 Dec 1774 about age 54.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 433 F    i. Sarah Dabney Strother [12938] was born on 14 Oct 1760 and died on 13 Dec 1822 at age 62.

369. Eleanor Rose Conway [18051] was born in 1731 and died in 1829 at age 98.

Eleanor married James Madison [18052] [MRIN: 6086]. James was born in 1723 and died in 1801 at age 78.

The child from this marriage was:

   434 M    i. 4th U.S. President James Madison [18053] was born on 16 Mar 1751 in Port Conway, King George County, Virginia and died on 28 Jun 1836 in Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia at age 85.

General Notes: Madison was born at the home of his maternal grandmother. The son and name sake of a leading Orange county landowner and squire, he maintained his lifelong home in Virginia at Montpelier, near the Blue Ridge Mountains. In 1769 he rode horseback to the College of New Jersey (Princeton University), selected for its hostility to episcopacy. He completed the four-year course in two years, finding time also to demonstrate against England and to lampoon members of a rival literary society in ribald verse. Overwork produced several years of epileptic hysteria and premonitions of early death, which thwarted military training but did not prevent home study of public law, mixed with early advocacy of independence (1774) and furious denunciation of the imprisonment of nearby dissenters from the established Anglican Church. Madison never became a church member, but in maturity he expressed a preference for Unitarianism.

His health improved, and he was elected to Virginia's 1776 Revolutionary convention, where he drafted the state's guarantee of religious freedom. In the convention-turned-legislature he helped Thomas Jefferson disestablish the church but lost reelection by refusing to furnish the electors with free whiskey. After two years on the governor's council, he was sent to the Continental Congress in March 1780.

Five feet four inches tall and weighing about 100 pounds, small boned, boyish in appearance, and weak of voice, he waited six months before taking the floor, but strong actions belied his mild demeanor. He rose quickly to leadership against the devotees of state sovereignty and enemies of Franco-U.S.. collaboration in peace negotiations, contending also for the establishment of the Mississippi as a western territorial boundary and the right to navigate that river through its Spanish-held delta. Defending Virginia's charter title to the vast Northwest against states that had no claim to western territories and whose major motive was to validate barrel-of-rum purchases from Indian tribes, Madison defeated the land speculators by persuading Virginia to cede the western lands to Congress as a national heritage.

Following the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, Madison undertook to strengthen the Union by asserting implied power in Congress to enforce financial requisitions upon the states by military coercion. This move failing, he worked unceasingly for an amendment conferring power to raise revenue and wrote an eloquent address adjuring the states to avert national disintegration by ratifying the submitted article. The Chevalier de la Luzerne, French minister to the United States, wrote that Madison was “regarded as the man of the soundest judgment in Congress.”

Reentering the Virginia legislature in 1784, Madison defeated Patrick Henry's bill to give financial support to “teachers of the Christian religion.” To avoid the political effect of his extreme nationalism, he persuaded the states-rights advocate John Tyler to sponsor the calling of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, which, aided by Madison's influence, produced the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

There his Virginia, or large-state, Plan, put forward through Governor Edmund Randolph, furnished the basic framework and guiding principles of the Constitution, earning him the title of father of the Constitution. Madison believed keenly in the value of a strong government in which power was well controlled because it was well balanced among the branches. Delegate William Pierce of Georgia wrote that, in the management of every great question, Madison “always comes forward the best informed Man of any point in debate.” Pierce called him “a Gentleman of great modesty—with a remarkable sweet temper. He is easy and unreserved among his acquaintances, and has a most agreeable style of conversation.”

Madison took day-by-day notes of debates at the Constitutional Convention, which furnish the only comprehensive history of the proceedings. To promote ratification he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in newspaper publication of The Federalist Papers (Madison wrote 29 out of 85), which became the standard commentary on the Constitution. His influence produced ratification by Virginia and led John Marshall to say that, if eloquence included “persuasion by convincing, Mr. Madison was the most eloquent man I ever heard.”

Elected to the new House of Representatives, Madison sponsored the first 10 amendments to the Constitution—the Bill of Rights—placing emphasis in debate on freedom of religion, speech, and press. His leadership in the House, which caused the Massachusetts congressman Fisher Ames to call him “our first man,” came to an end when he split with Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton over methods of funding the war debts. Hamilton's aim was to strengthen the national government by cementing men of wealth to it; Madison sought to protect the interests of Revolutionary veterans.

Hamilton's victory turned Madison into a strict constructionist of the congressional power to appropriate for the general welfare. He denied the existence of implied power to establish a national bank to aid the Treasury. Later, as president, he asked for and obtained a bank as “almost [a] necessity” for that purpose, but he contended that it was constitutional only because Hamilton's bank had gone without constitutional challenge. Unwillingness to admit error was a lifelong characteristic. The break over funding split Congress into Madisonian and Hamiltonian factions, with Fisher Ames now calling Madison a “desperate party leader” who enforced a discipline “as severe as the Prussian.” (Madisonians turned into Jeffersonians after Jefferson, having returned from France, became secretary of state.)

In 1794 Madison married a widow, Dolly Payne Todd, a handsome, buxom, vivacious Quaker 17 years his junior, who rejected church discipline and loved social activities. Her first husband had died in the yellow fever epidemic the previous year. She periodically served as official hostess for President Jefferson, who was a widower. As Madison's wife, she became a fixture at soirées, usually wearing a colorful feathered turban and an elegant dress ornamented with jewelry and furs. She may be said to have created the role of First Lady as a political partner of the president, although that label did not come into use until much later. An unpretentious woman, she ate heartily, gambled, rouged her face lavishly, and took snuff. The "Wednesday drawing rooms" that she instituted for the public added to her popularity. She earned the nation's undying gratitude for rescuing a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington in 1814 just ahead of the British troops who put the torch to the White House in the War of 1812.

Madison left Congress in 1797, disgusted by John Jay's treaty with England, which frustrated his program of commercial retaliation against the wartime oppression of U.S. maritime commerce. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 inspired him to draft the Virginia Resolutions of that year, denouncing those statutes as violations of the First Amendment of the Constitution and affirming the right and duty of the states “to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.” Carefully worded to mean less legally than they seemed to threaten, they forced him to spend his octogenarian years combating South Carolina's interpretation of them as a sanction of state power to nullify federal law.

During eight years as Jefferson's secretary of state (1801–09), Madison used the words “The President has decided” so regularly that his own role can be discovered only in foreign archives. British diplomats dealing with Madison encountered “asperity of temper and fluency of expression.” Senators John Adair and Nicholas Gilman agreed in 1806 that he “governed the President,” an opinion held also by French minister Louis-Marie Turreau.

Although he was accused of weakness in dealing with France and England, Madison won the presidency in 1808 by publishing his vigorous diplomatic dispatches. Faced with a senatorial cabal on taking office, he made a senator's lackluster brother, Robert Smith, secretary of state and wrote all important diplomatic letters for two years before replacing him with James Monroe. Although he had fully supported Jefferson's wartime shipping embargo, Madison reversed his predecessor's policy two weeks after assuming the presidency by secretly notifying both Great Britain and France, then at war, that, in his opinion, if the country addressed should stop interfering with U.S. commerce and the other belligerent continued to do so, “Congress will, at the next ensuing session, authorize acts of hostility . . . against the other.”

An agreement with England providing for repeal of its Orders in Council, which limited trade by neutral nations with France, collapsed because the British minister violated his instructions; he concealed the requirements that the United States continue its trade embargo against France, renounce wartime trade with Britain's enemies, and authorize England to capture any U.S. vessel attempting to trade with France. Madison expelled the minister's successor for charging, falsely, that the president had been aware of the violation.

Believing that England was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, Madison proclaimed non intercourse with England on November 2, 1810, and notified France on the same day that this would “necessarily lead to war” unless England stopped its impressment of American seamen and seizure of American goods and vessels. One week earlier, unknown to Congress (in recess) or the public, he had taken armed possession of the Spanish province of West Florida, claimed as part of the Louisiana Purchase. He was reelected in 1812, despite strong opposition and the vigorous candidacy of DeWitt Clinton.

With his actions buried in secrecy, Federalists and politicians pictured Madison as a timorous pacifist dragged into the War of 1812 (1812–15) by congressional War Hawks, and they denounced the conflict as "Mr. Madison's War." In fact, the president had sought peace but accepted war as inevitable. As wartime commander in chief he was hampered by the refusal of Congress to heed pleas for naval and military development and made the initial error of entrusting army command to aging veterans of the Revolution. The small U.S. Navy sparkled, but on land defeat followed defeat.

By 1814, however, Madison had lowered the average age of generals from 60 to 36 years; victories resulted, ending a war the principal cause of which had been removed by revocation of the Orders in Council the day before the conflict began. Contemporary public opinion in the United States, Canada, England, and continental Europe proclaimed the result a U.S. triumph. Still the country would never forget the ignominy of the president and his wife having to flee in the face of advancing British troops bent on laying waste Washington, D.C., including setting afire the executive mansion, the Capitol, and other public buildings.

The Federalist Party was killed by its sedition in opposing the war, and the president was lifted to a pinnacle of popularity. Madison's greatest fault was delay in discharging incompetent subordinates, including Secretary of War John Armstrong, who had scoffed at the president's repeated warnings of a coming British attack on Washington and ignored presidential orders for its defense.

On leaving the presidency, Madison was eulogized at a Washington mass meeting for having won national power and glory “without infringing a political, civil, or religious right.” Even in the face of sabotage of war operations by New England Federalists, he had lived up to the maxim he laid down in 1793 when he had said:

"If we advert to the nature of republican government we shall find that the censorial power is in the people over the government, and not in the government over the people."

Never again leaving Virginia, Madison managed his 5,000-acre farm for 19 years, cultivating the land by methods regarded today as modern innovations. As president of the Albemarle Agricultural Society, he warned that human life might be wiped out by upsetting the balance of nature, including invisible organisms. He hated slavery, which held him in its economic chains, and worked to abolish it through government purchase of slaves and their resettlement in Liberia, financed by sale of public lands. When his personal valet ran away in 1792 and was recaptured—a situation that usually meant sale into the yellow-fever-infested West Indies—Madison set him free and hired him. Another slave managed one-third of the Montpelier farmlands during Madison's years in federal office.

Madison participated in Jefferson's creation of the University of Virginia (1819) and later served as its rector. Excessive hospitality, chronic agricultural depression, the care of aged slaves, and the squandering of $40,000 by and on a wayward stepson made him land-poor in old age. His last years were spent in bed; he was barely able to bend his rheumatic fingers, which nevertheless turned out an endless succession of letters and articles combating nullification and secession—the theme of his final “Advice to My Country.” Henry Clay called him, after George Washington, “our greatest statesman.”

James married Dorothea "Dolley" Payne [18370] [MRIN: 6254], daughter of John Payne [20116] and Mary Coles [20117], on 15 Sep 1794 in Charles Town, Virginia. Dorothea was born on 20 May 1768 in Guilford County, North Carolina and died on 12 Jul 1849 in Washington D. C. at age 81.

370. Experience Abell [18390] was born in 1674 and died in 1763 at age 89.

Experience married Unknown Hyde [18391] [MRIN: 6266].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 435 M    i. James Hyde [18392] was born in 1707 and died in 1793 at age 86.

371. Col. John Quincy [18422] was born in 1689 and died in 1767 at age 78.

John married Elizabeth Norton [18423] [MRIN: 6283]. Elizabeth was born c1695.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 436 F    i. Elizabeth Quincy [18424] was born about 1721 and died on 1 Oct 1775 in Weymouth, Massachusetts about age 54.

372. Anna Shepard [18435] was born on 30 Jan 1684 and died on 7 May 1735 at age 51.

Anna married Henry Smith [18436] [MRIN: 6288] on 9 Jan 1704. Henry was born on 19 Jan 1679 and died on 31 Oct 1766 at age 87.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 437 M    i. William Henry Smith [18437] was born on 29 Oct 1708 and died on 2 Oct 1776 at age 67.

373. Elijah Hutchinson [18347] was born in 1641 and died in 1717 at age 76.

Elijah married Elizabeth Clarke [18348] [MRIN: 6242] in 1677. Elizabeth was born in 1642 and died in 1713 at age 71.

Elijah next married Hannah Hawkins [18349] [MRIN: 6243].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 438 F    i. Hannah Hutchinson [18350] .

374. Agnes Munro [18487] .

Agnes married Unknown Monroe [18488] [MRIN: 6315].

The child from this marriage was:

+ 439 M    i. Andrew Monroe [18489] died in 1668.

375. Ann Elizabeth Baillie [18544] .

Ann married Dr. John Irvine [18545] [MRIN: 6347]. John was born in 1742 and died in 1808 at age 66.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 440 F    i. Anne Irvine [18546] was born in 1770 and died in 1810 at age 40.

376. Capt. Augustin Washington [18572] was born c1693 in Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 12 Apr 1743 in Ferry Farm, King George County, Virginia at age 50.

General Notes: Known as Gus. A busy man with his holdings including a 10,000 acre tract in the potomac region. He also ran an iron foundry. He was not involved with family.

Augustin married Mary Ball [18573] [MRIN: 6361], daughter of Joseph Ball [18691] and Mary Bennett [18692], on 6 Mar 1731 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia. Mary was born about 1708 in Lancaster County, Virginia and died on 25 Aug 1789 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia about age 81.

Children from this marriage were:

   441 M    i. 1st President George Washington [18574] was born on 11 Feb 1732 in Pope's Creek, Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 14 Dec 1799 in Mt. Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia at age 67.

General Notes: born Feb. 22, 1732, Westmoreland county, Va. [U.S.]
died Dec. 14, 1799, Mt. Vernon

"Father of His Country", American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775–83) and subsequently first president of the United States (1789–97).

Washington's father, Augustine Washington, had gone to school in England, had tasted seafaring life, and then settled down to manage his growing Virginia estates. His mother was Mary Ball, whom Augustine, a widower, had married early the previous year. Washington's paternal lineage had some distinction; an early forebear was described as “gentleman,” Henry VIII later gave the family lands, and its members held various offices. But family fortunes fell with the Puritan revolution in England, and John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, migrated in 1657 to Virginia. The ancestral home at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, is maintained as a Washington memorial. Little definite information exists on any of the line until Augustine. He was an energetic, ambitious man who acquired much land, built mills, took an interest in opening iron mines, and sent his two oldest sons to England for schooling. By his first wife, Jane Butler, he had four children; by his second wife, Mary Ball, he had six. Augustine died April 12, 1743.

Little is known of George Washington's early childhood, spent largely on the Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Virginia. Mason L. Weems's stories of the hatchet and cherry tree and of young Washington's repugnance to fighting are apocryphal efforts to fill a manifest gap. He attended school irregularly from his 7th to his 15th year, first with the local church sexton and later with a schoolmaster named Williams. Some of his schoolboy papers survive. He was fairly well trained in practical mathematics—gauging, several types of mensuration, and such trigonometry as was useful in surveying. He studied geography, possibly had a little Latin, and certainly read some of The Spectator and other English classics. The copybook in which he transcribed, at 14, a set of moral precepts, or Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation, was carefully preserved. His best training, however, was given him by practical men and outdoor occupations, not by books. He mastered tobacco growing and stock raising, and early in his teens he was sufficiently familiar with surveying to plot the fields about him.

At his father's death, the 11-year-old boy became the ward of his eldest half brother, Lawrence, a man of fine character who gave him wise and affectionate care. Lawrence inherited the beautiful estate of Little Hunting Creek, which had been granted to the original settler, John Washington, and which Augustine had done much since 1738 to develop. Lawrence married Anne (Nancy) Fairfax, daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, a cousin and agent of Lord Fairfax and one of the chief proprietors of the region. Lawrence also built a house and named the 2,500-acre holding Mount Vernon in honor of the admiral under whom he had served in the siege of Cartagena. Living there chiefly with Lawrence (though he spent some time near Fredericksburg with his other half brother, Augustine, called Austin), George entered a more spacious and polite world. Anne Fairfax Washington was a woman of charm, grace, and culture; Lawrence had brought from his English school and naval service much knowledge and experience. A valued neighbor and relative, George William Fairfax, whose large estate, Belvoir, was about 4 miles distant, and other relatives by marriage, the Carlyles of Alexandria, helped form George's mind and manners.

The youth turned first to surveying as a profession. Lord Fairfax, a middle-aged bachelor who owned more than 5,000,000 acres in northern Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley, came to America in 1746 to live with his cousin George William at Belvoir and to look after his properties. Two years later he sent to the Shenandoah Valley a party to survey and plot his lands to make regular tenants of the squatters moving in from Pennsylvania. With the official surveyor of Prince William county in charge, Washington went along as assistant. The 16-year-old lad kept a disjointed diary of the trip, which shows skill in observation. He describes the discomfort of sleeping under “one thread Bear blanket with double its Weight of Vermin such as Lice, Fleas & c”; an encounter with an Indian war party bearing a scalp; the Pennsylvania-German emigrants, “as ignorant a set of people as the Indians they would never speak English but when spoken to they speak all Dutch”; and the serving of roast wild turkey on “a Large Chip,” for “as for dishes we had none.”

The following year (1749), aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment as official surveyor of Culpeper county, and for more than two years he was kept almost constantly busy. Surveying not only in Culpeper but also in Frederick and Augusta counties, he made journeys far beyond the Tidewater region into the western wilderness. The experience taught him resourcefulness and endurance and toughened him in both body and mind. Coupled with Lawrence's ventures in land, it also gave him an interest in western development that endured throughout his life. He was always disposed to speculate in western holdings and to view favorably projects for colonizing the West, and he greatly resented the limitations that the crown laid on the westward movement. In 1752 Lord Fairfax determined to take up his final residence in the Shenandoah Valley and settled there in a log hunting lodge, which he called Greenway Court after a Kentish manor of his family's. There Washington was sometimes entertained and had access to a small library that Fairfax had begun accumulating at Oxford.

The years 1751–52 marked a turning point in Washington's life, for they placed him in control of Mount Vernon. Lawrence, stricken by tuberculosis, went to Barbados in 1751 for his health, taking George along. From this sole journey beyond the present borders of the United States, Washington returned with the light scars of an attack of smallpox. In July of the next year, Lawrence died, making George executor and residuary heir of his estate should his daughter, Sarah, die without issue. As she died within two months, Washington at age 20 became head of one of the best Virginia estates. He always thought farming the “most delectable” of pursuits. “It is honorable,” he wrote, “it is amusing, and, with superior judgment, it is profitable.” And, of all the spots for farming, he thought Mount Vernon the best. “No estate in United America,” he assured an English correspondent, “is more pleasantly situated than this.” His greatest pride in later days was to be regarded as the first farmer of the land.

He gradually increased the estate until it exceeded 8,000 acres. He enlarged the house in 1760 and made further enlargements and improvements on the house and its landscaping in 1784–86. He also tried to keep abreast of the latest scientific advances.

For the next 20 years the main background of Washington's life was the work and society of Mount Vernon. He gave assiduous attention to the rotation of crops, fertilization of the soil, and the management of livestock. He had to manage the 18 slaves that came with the estate and others he bought later; by 1760 he paid tithes on 49 slaves—though he strongly disapproved of the institution and hoped for some mode of abolishing it. At the time of his death, more than 300 slaves were housed in the quarters on his property. He had been unwilling to sell slaves lest families be broken up, even though the increase in their numbers placed a burden on him for their upkeep and gave him a larger force of workers than he required, especially after he gave up the cultivation of tobacco. In his will, he bequeathed the slaves in his possession to his wife and ordered that upon her death they be set free, declaring also that the young, the aged, and the infirm among them “shall be comfortably cloathed & fed by my heirs.” Still, this accounted for only about half the slaves on his property. The other half, owned by his wife, were entailed to the Custis estate, so that on her death they were destined to pass to her heirs. However, she freed all the slaves in 1800 after his death.

For diversion Washington was fond of riding, fox hunting, and dancing, of such theatrical performances as he could reach, and of duck hunting and sturgeon fishing. He liked billiards and cards and not only subscribed to racing associations but also ran his own horses in races. In all outdoor pursuits, from wrestling to colt breaking, he excelled. A friend of the 1750s describes him as “straight as an Indian, measuring six feet two inches in his stockings”; as very muscular and broad-shouldered but, though large-boned, weighing only 175 pounds; and as having long arms and legs. His penetrating blue-gray eyes were overhung by heavy brows, his nose was large and straight, and his mouth was large and firmly closed. “His movements and gestures are graceful, his walk majestic, and he is a splendid horseman.” He soon became prominent in community affairs, was an active member and later vestryman of the Episcopal church, and as early as 1755 expressed a desire to stand for the Virginia House of Burgesses.

Traditions of John Washington's feats as Indian fighter and Lawrence Washington's talk of service days helped imbue George with military ambition. Just after Lawrence's death, Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie appointed George adjutant for the southern district of Virginia at £100 a year (November 1752). In 1753 he became adjutant of the Northern Neck and Eastern Shore. Later that year, Dinwiddie found it necessary to warn the French to desist from their encroachments on Ohio Valley lands claimed by the crown. After sending one messenger who failed to reach the goal, he determined to dispatch Washington. On the day he received his orders, October 31, 1753, Washington set out for the French posts. His party consisted of a Dutchman to serve as interpreter, the expert scout Christopher Gist as guide, and four others, two of them experienced traders with the Indians. Theoretically, Great Britain and France were at peace. Actually, war impended, and Dinwiddie's message was an ultimatum: the French must get out or be put out.

The journey proved rough, perilous, and futile. Washington's party left what is now Cumberland, Maryland, in the middle of November and, despite wintry weather and impediments of the wilderness, reached Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Waterford, Pennsylvania, 20 miles south of Lake Erie, without delay. The French commander was courteous but adamant. As Washington reported, his officers “told me, That it was their absolute Design to take possession of the Ohio, and by God they would do it.” Eager to carry this alarming news back, Washington pushed off hurriedly with Gist. He was lucky to have gotten back alive. An Indian fired at them at 15 paces but missed. When they crossed the Allegheny River on a raft, Washington was jerked into the ice-filled stream but saved himself by catching one of the timbers. That night he almost froze in his wet clothing. He reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on January 16, 1754, where he hastily penned a record of the journey. Dinwiddie, who was laboring to convince the crown of the seriousness of the French threat, had it printed, and when he sent it to London, it was reprinted in three different forms.

The enterprising governor forthwith planned an expedition to hold the Ohio country. He made Joshua Fry colonel of a provincial regiment, appointed Washington lieutenant colonel, and set them to recruiting troops. Two agents of the Ohio Company, which Lawrence Washington and others had formed to develop lands on the upper Potomac and Ohio rivers, had begun building a fort at what later became Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dinwiddie, ready to launch into his own war, sent Washington with two companies to reinforce this post. In April 1754 the lieutenant colonel set out from Alexandria with about 160 men at his back. He marched to Cumberland only to learn that the French had anticipated the British blow; they had taken possession of the fort of the Ohio Company and had renamed it Fort Duquesne. Happily, the Indians of the area offered support. Washington struggled cautiously forward to within about 40 miles of the French position and erected his own post at Great Meadows, near what is now Confluence, Pennsylvania. From this base, he made a surprise attack (May 28, 1754) upon an advance detachment of 30 French, killing the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and taking the rest prisoners. The French and Indian War had begun.

Washington at once received promotion to a full colonel and was reinforced, commanding a considerable body of Virginia and North Carolina troops, with Indian auxiliaries. But his attack soon brought the whole French force down upon him. They drove his 350 men into the Great Meadows fort (Fort Necessity) on July 3, besieged it with 700 men, and, after an all-day fight, compelled him to surrender. The construction of the fort had been a blunder, for it lay in a waterlogged creek bottom, was commanded on three sides by forested elevations approaching it closely, and was too far from Washington's supports. The French agreed to let the disarmed colonials march back to Virginia with the honors of war, but they compelled Washington to promise that Virginia would not build another fort on the Ohio for a year and to sign a paper acknowledging responsibility for “l'assassinat” of de Jumonville, a word that Washington later explained he did not rightly understand. He returned to Virginia, chagrined but proud, to receive the thanks of the House of Burgesses and to find that his name had been mentioned in the London gazettes. His remark in a letter to his brother that “I have heard the bullets whistle; and believe me, there is something charming in the sound” was commented on humorously by the author Horace Walpole and sarcastically by King George II.

The arrival of General Edward Braddock and his army in Virginia in February 1755, as part of the triple plan of campaign that called for his advance on Fort Duquesne and in New York Governor William Shirley's capture of Fort Niagara and Sir William Johnson's capture of Crown Point, brought Washington new opportunities and responsibilities. He had resigned his commission in October 1754 in resentment of the slighting treatment and underpayment of colonial officers and particularly because of an untactful order of the British war office that provincial officers of whatever rank would be subordinate to any officer holding the king's commission. But he ardently desired a part in the war; “my inclinations,” he wrote a friend, “are strongly bent to arms.” When Braddock showed appreciation of his merits and invited him to join the expedition as personal aide-de-camp, with the courtesy title of colonel, he therefore accepted. His self-reliance, decision, and masterfulness soon became apparent.

At table he had frequent disputes with Braddock, who, when contractors failed to deliver their supplies, attacked the colonials as supine and dishonest while Washington defended them warmly. His freedom of utterance is proof of Braddock's esteem. Braddock accepted Washington's unwise advice that he divide his army, leaving half of it to come up with the slow wagons and cattle train and taking the other half forward against Fort Duquesne at a rapid pace. Washington was ill with fever during June but joined the advance guard in a covered wagon on July 8, begged to lead the march on Fort Duquesne with his Virginians and Indian allies, and was by Braddock's side when on July 9 the army was ambushed and bloodily defeated.

In this defeat Washington displayed the combination of coolness and determination, the alliance of unconquerable energy with complete poise, that was the secret of so many of his successes. So ill that he had to use a pillow instead of a saddle and that Braddock ordered his body servant to keep special watch over him, Washington was, nevertheless, everywhere at once. At first he followed Braddock as the general bravely tried to rally his men to push either forward or backward, the wisest course the circumstances permitted. Then he rode back to bring up the Virginians from the rear and rallied them with effect on the flank. To him was largely due the escape of the force. His exposure of his person was as reckless as Braddock's, who was fatally wounded on his fifth horse; Washington had two horses shot under him and his clothes cut by four bullets without being hurt. He was at Braddock's deathbed, helped bring the troops back, and was repaid by being appointed, in August 1755, while still only 23 years old, commander of all Virginia troops.

But no part of his later service was conspicuous. Finding that a Maryland captain who held a royal commission would not obey him, he rode north in February 1756 to Boston to have the question settled by the commander in chief in America, Governor Shirley, and, bearing a letter from Dinwiddie, had no difficulty in carrying his point. On his return he plunged into a multitude of vexations. He had to protect a weak, thinly settled frontier nearly 400 miles in length with only some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops, to cope with a legislature unwilling to support him, to meet attacks on the drunkenness and inefficiency of the soldiers, and to endure constant wilderness hardships. It is not strange that in 1757 his health failed and in the closing weeks of that year he was so ill of a “bloody flux” (dysentery) that his physician ordered him home to Mount Vernon.

In the spring of 1758 he had recovered sufficiently to return to duty as colonel in command of all Virginia troops. As part of the grand sweep of several armies organized by British statesman William Pitt, the Elder, General John Forbes led a new advance upon Fort Duquesne. Forbes resolved not to use Braddock's road but to cut a new one west from Raystown, Pennsylvania. Washington disapproved of the route but played an important part in the movement. Late in the autumn the French evacuated and burned Fort Duquesne, and Forbes reared Fort Pitt on the site. Washington, who had just been elected to the House of Burgesses, was able to resign with the honorary rank of brigadier general.

Although his officers expressed regret at the “loss of such an excellent Commander, such a sincere Friend, and so affable a Companion,” he quit the service with a sense of frustration. He had thought the war excessively slow. The Virginia legislature had been niggardly in voting money; the Virginia recruits had come forward reluctantly and had proved of poor quality; Washington had hanged a few deserters and flogged others heavily. Virginia gave him less pay than other colonies offered their troops. Desiring a regular commission such as his half brother Lawrence had held, he applied in vain to the British commander in North America, Lord Loudoun, to make good a promise that Braddock had given him. Ambitious for both rank and honor, he showed a somewhat strident vigor in asserting his desires and in complaining when they were denied. He returned to Mount Vernon somewhat disillusioned.

Immediately on resigning his commission, Washington was married (January 6, 1759) to Martha Dandridge, the widow of Daniel Parke Custis. She was a few months older than he, was the mother of two children living and two dead, and possessed one of the considerable fortunes of Virginia. Washington had met her the previous March and had asked for her hand before his campaign with Forbes. Though it does not seem to have been a romantic love match, the marriage united two harmonious temperaments and proved happy. Martha was a good housewife, an amiable companion, and a dignified hostess. Like many well-born women of the era, she had little formal schooling, and Washington often helped her compose important letters.

Some estimates of the property brought to him by this marriage have been exaggerated, but it did include a number of slaves and about 15,000 acres, much of it valuable for its proximity to Williamsburg. More important to Washington were the two stepchildren, John Parke (“Jacky”) and Martha Parke (“Patsy”) Custis, who at the time of the marriage were six and four, respectively. He lavished great affection and care upon them, worried greatly over Jacky's waywardness, and was overcome with grief when Patsy died just before the Revolution. Jacky died during the war, leaving four children. Washington adopted two of them, a boy and a girl, and even signed his letters to the boy as “your papa.” Himself childless, he thus had a real family.

From the time of his marriage Washington added to the care of Mount Vernon the supervision of the Custis estate at the White House on the York River. As his holdings expanded, they were divided into farms, each under its own overseer; but he minutely inspected operations every day and according to one visitor often pulled off his coat and performed ordinary labor. As he once wrote, “middling land under a man's own eyes, is more profitable than rich land at a distance.” Until the eve of the Revolution he devoted himself to the duties and pleasures of a great landholder, varied by several weeks' attendance every year in the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg. During 1760–74 he was also a justice of the peace for Fairfax county, sitting in court in Alexandria.

In no light does Washington appear more characteristically than as one of the richest, largest, and most industrious of Virginia planters. For six days a week he rose early and worked hard; on Sundays he irregularly attended Pohick Church (16 times in 1760), entertained company, wrote letters, made purchases and sales, and sometimes went fox hunting. In these years he took snuff and smoked a pipe; throughout life he liked Madeira wine and punch. Although wheat and tobacco were his staples, he practiced crop rotation on a three-year or five-year plan. He had his own water-powered flour mill, blacksmith shop, brick and charcoal kilns, carpenters, and masons. His fishery supplied shad, bass, herring, and other catches, salted as food for his slaves. Coopers, weavers, and his own shoemaker turned out barrels, cotton, linen, and woolen goods, and brogans for all needs. In short, his estates, in accordance with his orders to overseers to “buy nothing you can make yourselves,” were largely self-sufficient communities. But he did send large orders to England for farm implements, tools, paint, fine textiles, hardware, and agricultural books and hence was painfully aware of British commercial restrictions.

Washington was an innovative farmer and a responsible landowner. He experimented at breeding cattle, acquired at least one buffalo, with the hope of proving its utility as a meat animal, and kept stallions at stud. He also took pride in a peach and apple orchard.

His care of slaves was exemplary. He carefully clothed and fed them, engaged a doctor for them by the year, generally refused to sell them—“I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species”—and administered correction mildly. They showed so much attachment that few ran away.

He meanwhile played a prominent role in the social life of the Tidewater region. The members of the council and House of Burgesses, a roster of influential Virginians, were all friends. He visited the Byrds of Westover, the Lees of Stratford, the Carters of Shirley and Sabine Hall, and the Lewises of Warner Hall; Mount Vernon often was busy with guests in return. He liked house parties and afternoon tea on the Mount Vernon porch overlooking the grand Potomac; he was fond of picnics, barbecues, and clambakes; and throughout life he enjoyed dancing, frequently going to Alexandria for balls. Cards were a steady diversion, and his accounts record sums lost at them, the largest reaching nearly £10. His diary sometimes states that in bad weather he was “at home all day, over cards.” Billiards was a rival amusement. Not only the theatre, when available, but also concerts, cockfights, circuses, puppet shows, and exhibitions of animals received his patronage.

He insisted on the best clothes—coats, laced waistcoats, hats, colored silkhose—bought in London. The Virginia of the Randolphs, Corbins, Harrisons, Tylers, Nicholases, and other prominent families had an aristocratic quality, and Washington liked to do things in a large way. It has been computed that in the seven years prior to 1775, Mount Vernon had 2,000 guests, most of whom stayed to dinner if not overnight.

Washington's contented life was interrupted by the rising storm in imperial affairs. The British ministry, facing a heavy postwar debt, high home taxes, and continued military costs in America, decided in 1764 to obtain revenue from the colonies. Up to that time, Washington, though regarded by associates, in Colonel John L. Peyton's words, as “a young man of an extraordinary and exalted character,” had shown no signs of personal greatness and few signs of interest in state affairs. The Proclamation of 1763 interdicting settlement beyond the Alleghenies irked him, for he was interested in the Ohio Company, the Mississippi Company, and other speculative western ventures. He nevertheless played a silent part in the House of Burgesses and was a thoroughly loyal subject.

But he was present when Patrick Henry introduced his resolutions against the Stamp Act in May 1765 and shortly thereafter gave token of his adherence to the cause of the colonial Whigs against the Tory ministries of England. In 1768 he told George Mason at Mount Vernon that he would take his musket on his shoulder whenever his country called him. The next spring, on April 4, 1769, he sent Mason the Philadelphia nonimportation resolutions with a letter declaring that it was necessary to resist the strokes of “our lordly masters” in England; that, courteous remonstrances to Parliament having failed, he wholly endorsed the resort to commercial warfare; and that as a last resort no man should scruple to use arms in defense of liberty. When, the following May, the royal governor dissolved the House of Burgesses, he shared in the gathering at the Raleigh, North Carolina, tavern that drew up nonimportation resolutions, and he went further than most of his neighbors in adhering to them. At that time and later he believed with most Americans that peace need not be broken.

Late in 1770 he paid a land-hunting visit to Fort Pitt, where George Croghan was maturing his plans for the proposed 14th colony of Vandalia. Washington directed his agent to locate and survey 10,000 acres adjoining the Vandalia tract, and at one time he wished to share in certain of Croghan's schemes. But the Boston Tea Party of December 1773 and the bursting of the Vandalia bubble at about the same time turned his eyes back to the East and the threatening state of Anglo-American relations. He was not a member of the Virginia committee of correspondence formed in 1773 to communicate with other colonies, but when the Virginia legislators, meeting irregularly again at the Raleigh tavern in May 1774, called for a Continental Congress, he was present and signed the resolutions. Moreover, he was a leading member of the first provincial convention or revolutionary legislature late that summer, and to that body he made a speech that was much praised for its pithy eloquence, declaring that “I will raise one thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, and march myself at their head for the relief of Boston.”

The Virginia provincial convention promptly elected Washington one of the seven delegates to the first Continental Congress. He was by this time known as a radical rather than a moderate, and in several letters of the time he opposed a continuance of petitions to the British crown, declaring that they would inevitably meet with a humiliating rejection. “Shall we after this whine and cry for relief when we have already tried it in vain?” he wrote. When the Congress met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, he was in his seat in full uniform, and his participation in its councils marks the beginning of his national career.

His letters of the period show that, while still utterly opposed to the idea of independence, he was determined never to submit “to the loss of those valuable rights and privileges, which are essential to the happiness of every free State, and without which life, liberty, and property are rendered totally insecure.” If the ministry pushed matters to an extremity, he wrote, “more blood will be spilled on this occasion than ever before in American history.” Though he served on none of the committees, he was a useful member, his advice being sought on military matters and weight being attached to his advocacy of a nonexportation as well as nonimportation agreement. He also helped to secure approval of the Suffolk Resolves, which looked toward armed resistance as a last resort and did much to harden the king's heart against America.

Returning to Virginia in November, he took command of the volunteer companies drilling there and served as chairman of the Committee of Safety in Fairfax county. Although the province contained many experienced officers and Colonel William Byrd of Westover had succeeded Washington as commander in chief, the unanimity with which the Virginia troops turned to Washington was a tribute to his reputation and personality; it was understood that Virginia expected him to be its general. He was elected to the second Continental Congress at the March 1775 session of the legislature and again set out for Philadelphia.

The choice of Washington as commander in chief of the military forces of all the colonies followed immediately upon the first fighting, though it was by no means inevitable and was the product of partly artificial forces. The Virginia delegates differed upon his appointment. Edmund Pendleton was, according to John Adams, “very full and clear against it,” and Washington himself recommended General Andrew Lewis for the post. It was chiefly the fruit of a political bargain by which New England offered Virginia the chief command as its price for the adoption and support of the New England army. This army had gathered hastily and in force about Boston immediately after the clash of British troops and American minutemen at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. When the second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, one of its first tasks was to find a permanent leadership for this force. On June 15, Washington, whose military counsel had already proved invaluable on two committees, was nominated and chosen by unanimous vote. Beyond the considerations noted, he owed being chosen to the facts that Virginia stood with Massachusetts as one of the most powerful colonies; that his appointment would augment the zeal of the Southern people; that he had gained an enduring reputation in the Braddock campaign; and that his poise, sense, and resolution had impressed all the delegates. The scene of his election, with Washington darting modestly into an adjoining room and John Hancock flushing with jealous mortification, will always impress the historical imagination; so also will the scene of July 3, 1775, when, wheeling his horse under an elm in front of the troops paraded on Cambridge common, he drew his sword and took command of the army investing Boston. News of Bunker Hill had reached him before he was a day's journey from Philadelphia, and he had expressed confidence of victory when told how the militia had fought. In accepting the command, he refused any payment beyond his expenses and called upon “every gentleman in the room” to bear witness that he disclaimed fitness for it. At once he showed characteristic decision and energy in organizing the raw volunteers, collecting provisions and munitions, and rallying Congress and the colonies to his support.

The first phase of Washington's command covered the period from July 1775 to the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776. In those eight months he imparted discipline to the army, which at maximum strength slightly exceeded 20,000; he dealt with subordinates who, as John Adams said, quarreled “like cats and dogs”; and he kept the siege vigorously alive. Having himself planned an invasion of Canada by Lake Champlain, to be entrusted to General Philip Schuyler, he heartily approved of Benedict Arnold's proposal to march north along the Kennebec River in Maine and take Quebec. Giving Arnold 1,100 men, he instructed him to do everything possible to conciliate the Canadians. He was equally active in encouraging privateers to attack British commerce. As fast as means offered, he strengthened his army with ammunition and siege guns, having heavy artillery brought from Fort Ticonderoga, New York, over the frozen roads early in 1776. His position was at first precarious, for the Charles River pierced the center of his lines investing Boston. If the British general, Sir William Howe, had moved his 20 veteran regiments boldly up the stream, he might have pierced Washington's army and rolled either wing back to destruction. But all the generalship was on Washington's side. Seeing that Dorchester Heights, just south of Boston, commanded the city and harbor and that Howe had unaccountably failed to occupy it, he seized it on the night of March 4, 1776, placing his Ticonderoga guns in position. The British naval commander declared that he could not remain if the Americans were not dislodged, and Howe, after a storm disrupted his plans for an assault, evacuated the city on March 17. He left 200 cannons and invaluable stores of small arms and munitions. After collecting his booty, Washington hurried south to take up the defense of New York.

Washington had won the first round, but there remained five years of the war, during which the American cause was repeatedly near complete disaster. It is unquestionable that Washington's strength of character, his ability to hold the confidence of army and people and to diffuse his own courage among them, his unremitting activity, and his strong common sense constituted the chief factors in achieving American victory. He was not a great tactician: as Jefferson said later, he often “failed in the field”; he was sometimes guilty of grave military blunders, the chief being his assumption of a position on Long Island, New York, in 1776 that exposed his entire army to capture the moment it was defeated. At the outset he was painfully inexperienced, the wilderness fighting of the French war having done nothing to teach him the strategy of maneuvering whole armies. One of his chief faults was his tendency to subordinate his own judgment to that of the generals surrounding him; at every critical juncture, before Boston, before New York, before Philadelphia, and in New Jersey, he called a council of war and in almost every instance accepted its decision. Naturally bold and dashing, as he proved at Trenton, Princeton, and Germantown, he repeatedly adopted evasive and delaying tactics on the advice of his associates; however, he did succeed in keeping a strong army in existence and maintaining the flame of national spirit. When the auspicious moment arrived, he planned the rapid movements that ended the war.

One element of Washington's strength was his sternness as a disciplinarian. The army was continually dwindling and refilling, politics largely governed the selection of officers by Congress and the states, and the ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-paid forces were often half-prostrated by sickness and ripe for mutiny. Troops from each of the three sections, New England, the middle states, and the South, showed a deplorable jealousy of the others. Washington was rigorous in breaking cowardly, inefficient, and dishonest men and boasted in front of Boston that he had “made a pretty good sort of slam among such kind of officers.” Deserters and plunderers were flogged, and Washington once erected a gallows 40 feet (12 meters) high, writing, “I am determined if I can be justified in the proceeding, to hang two or three on it, as an example to others.” At the same time, the commander in chief won the devotion of many of his men by his earnestness in demanding better treatment for them from Congress. He complained of their short rations, declaring once that they were forced to “eat every kind of horse food but hay.”

The darkest chapter in Washington's military leadership was opened when, reaching New York in April 1776, he placed half his army, about 9,000 men, under Israel Putnam, on the perilous position of Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, where a British fleet in the East River might cut off their retreat. He spent a fortnight in May with the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, then discussing the question of independence; though no record of his utterances exists, there can be no doubt that he advocated complete separation. His return to New York preceded but slightly the arrival of the British army under Howe, which made its main encampment on Staten Island until its whole strength of nearly 30,000 could be mobilized. On August 22, 1776, Howe moved about 20,000 men across to Gravesend Bay on Long Island. Four days later, sending the fleet under command of his brother Admiral Richard Howe to make a feint against New York City, he thrust a crushing force along feebly protected roads against the American flank. The patriots were outmaneuvered, defeated, and suffered a total loss of 5,000 men, of whom 2,000 were captured. Their whole position might have been carried by storm, but, fortunately for Washington, General Howe delayed. While the enemy lingered, Washington succeeded under cover of a dense fog in ferrying the remaining force across the East River to Manhattan,where he took up a fortified position. The British, suddenly landing on the lower part of the island, drove back the Americans in a clash marked by disgraceful cowardice on the part of troops from Connecticut and others. In a series of actions, Washington was forced northward, more than once in danger of capture, until the loss of his two Hudson River forts, one of them with 2,600 men, compelled him to retreat from White Plains across the river into New Jersey. He retired toward the Delaware River while his army melted away, until it seemed that armed resistance to the British was about to expire.

It was at this darkest hour of the Revolution that Washington struck his brilliant blows at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey, reviving the hopes and energies of the nation. Howe, believing that the American army soon would dissolve totally, retired to New York, leaving strong forces in Trenton and Burlington. Washington, at his camp west of the Delaware, planned a simultaneous attack on both posts, using his whole command of 6,000 men. But his subordinates in charge of both wings failed him, and he was left on the night of December 25, 1776, to march on Trenton with about 2,400 men. He completely surprised the unprepared Hessians and after confused street fighting killed the commander, Johann Rall, and captured nearly 1,000 prisoners, and arms and ammunition. The immediate result was that General Charles Cornwallis hastened with about 8,000 men to Trenton, where he found Washington strongly posted behind the Assunpink Creek, skirmished with him, and decided to wait overnight “to bag the old fox.”

During the night, the wind shifted, the roads froze hard, and Washington was able to steal away from camp (leaving his fires deceptively burning), march around Cornwallis's rear, and fall at daybreak upon the three British regiments at Princeton. These were put to flight with a loss of 500 men, and Washington escaped with more captured munitions to a strong position at Morristown, New Jersey. The effect of these victories heartened all Americans, brought recruits flocking to camp in the spring, and encouraged foreign sympathizers with the American cause.

Thus far the important successes had been won by Washington; then they fell to others, while he was left to face popular apathy, military cabals, and the disaffection of Congress. The year 1777 was marked by the British capture of Philadelphia and the surrender of British General John Burgoyne's invading army to General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York, followed by intrigues to displace Washington from his command. Howe's main British army of 18,000 left New York by sea on July 23, 1777, and landed on August 25 in Maryland, not far below Philadelphia. Washington, despite his inferiority of force—he had only 11,000 men, mostly militia and, in the Marquis de Lafayette's words, “badly armed and worse clothed”—risked a pitched battle on September 11 at the fords of Brandywine Creek, about 13 miles north of Wilmington, Delaware. While part of the British force held the Americans engaged, General Cornwallis, with the rest, made a secret 17-mile detour and fell with crushing effect on the American right and rear, the result being a complete defeat from which Washington was fortunate to extricate his army in fairly good order. For a time he hoped to hold the Schuylkill Fords, but the British passed them and on September 26 triumphantly marched into Philadelphia. Congress fled to the interior of Pennsylvania, and Washington, after an unsuccessful effort to repeat his stroke at Trenton against the British troops posted at Germantown, had to take up winter quarters at Valley Forge. His army, twice beaten, ill housed, and ill fed, with thousands of men “barefoot and otherwise naked,” was at the point of exhaustion; it could not keep the field, for inside of a month it would have disappeared. Under these circumstances, there is nothing that better proves the true fibre of Washington's character and the courage of his soul than the unyielding persistence with which he held his strong position at Valley Forge through a winter of semi-starvation, of justified grumbling by his men, of harsh public criticism, and of captious meddling by a Congress that was too weak to help him. In February Martha Washington arrived and helped to organize entertainment for the soldiers.

Washington's enemies seized the moment of his greatest weakness to give vent to an antagonism that had been nourished by sectional jealousies of North against South, by the ambition of small rivals, and by baseless accusations that he showed favoritism to such foreigners as Lafayette. The intrigues of Thomas Conway, an Irish adventurer who had served in the French army and had become an American general, enlisted Thomas Mifflin, Charles Lee, Benjamin Rush, and others in an attempt to displace Washington. General Gates appears to have been a tool of rather than a party to the plot, expecting that the chief command would devolve upon himself. A faction of Congress sympathized with the movement and attempted to paralyze Washington by reorganizing the board of war, a body vested with the general superintendence of operations, of which Gates became the president; his chief of staff, James Wilkinson, the secretary; and Mifflin and Timothy Pickering, members. Washington was well aware of the hostility in congress, of the slanders spread by Rush and James Lovell of Massachusetts, and of the effect of forgeries published in the American press by adroit British agents. He realized the intense jealousy of many New Englanders, which made even John Adams write his wife that he was thankful Burgoyne had not been captured by Washington, who would then “have been deified. It is bad enough as it is.” But Washington decisively crushed the cabal: after the loose tongue of Wilkinson disclosed Conway's treachery, Washington sent the general on November 9, 1777, proof of his knowledge of the whole affair.

With the conclusion of the French alliance in the spring of 1778, the aspect of the war was radically altered. The British army in Philadelphia, fearing that a French fleet would blockade the Delaware while the militia of New Jersey and Pennsylvania invested the city, hastily retreated upon New York City. Washington hoped to cut off part of the enemy and by a hurried march with six brigades interposed himself at the end of June between Sir Henry Clinton (who had succeeded Howe) and the New Jersey coast. The result was the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, where a shrewd strategic plan and vigorous assault were brought to naught by the treachery of Charles Lee. When Lee ruined the attack by a sudden order to retreat, Washington hurried forward, fiercely denounced him, and restored the line, but the golden opportunity had been lost. The British made good their march to Sandy Hook, and Washington took up his quarters at New Brunswick. Lee was arrested, court-martialed, and convicted on all three of the charges made against him; but instead of being shot, as he deserved, he was sentenced to a suspension from command for one year. The arrival of the French fleet under Admiral Charles-Hector Estaing on July 1778 completed the isolation of the British, and Clinton was thenceforth held to New York City and the surrounding area. Washington made his headquarters in the highlands of the Hudson and distributed his troops in cantonments around the city and in New Jersey.

The final decisive stroke of the war, the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown, is to be credited chiefly to Washington's vision. With the domestic situation intensely gloomy early in 1781, he was hampered by the feebleness of Congress, the popular discouragement, and the lack of prompt and strong support by the French fleet. A French army under the Comte de Rochambeau had arrived to reinforce him in 1780, and he had pressed Admiral de Grasse to assist in an attack upon either Cornwallis in the south or Clinton in New York. In August the French admiral sent definite word that he preferred the Chesapeake, with its large area and deep water, as the scene of his operations; and within a week, on August 19, 1781, Washington marched south with his army, leaving General William Heath with 4,000 men to hold West Point. He hurried his troops through New Jersey, embarked them on transports in Delaware Bay, and landed them at Williamsburg, Virginia, where he had arrived on September 14. Cornwallis had retreated to Yorktown and entrenched his army of 7,000 British regulars. Their works were completely invested before the end of the month; the siege was pressed with vigor by the allied armies under Washington, consisting of 5,500 Continentals, 3,500 Virginia militia, and 5,000 French regulars; and on October 19 Cornwallis surrendered. By this campaign, probably the finest single display of Washington's generalship, the war was brought to a virtual close.

Washington remained during the winter of 1781–82 with the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, exhorting it to maintain its exertions for liberty and to settle the army's claims for pay. He continued these exhortations after he joined his command at Newburgh on the Hudson in April 1782. He was astounded and angered when some loose camp suggestions found expression in a letter from Colonel Lewis Nicola offering a plan by which he should use the army to make himself king. He blasted the proposal with fierce condemnation. When the discontent of his unpaid men came to a head in the circulation of the “Newburgh Address” early in 1783, he issued a general order censuring the paper and at a meeting of officers on March 15 read a speech admonishing the army to obey Congress and promising his best efforts for a redress of grievances. He was present at the entrance of the American army into New York on the day of the British evacuation, November 25, 1783, and on December 4 took leave of his closest officers in an affecting scene at Fraunces Tavern. Traveling south, on December 23, in a solemn ceremonial immortalized by the pen of William Makepeace Thackeray, he resigned his commission to the Continental Congress in the state senate chamber of Maryland in Annapolis and received the thanks of the nation. His accounts of personal expenditures during his service, kept with minute exactness in his own handwriting and totaling £24,700, without charge for salary, had been given the controller of the treasury to be discharged. Washington left Annapolis at sunrise of December 24 and before nightfall was at home in Mount Vernon.

In the next four years Washington found sufficient occupation in his estates, wishing to close his days as a gentleman farmer and to give to agriculture as much energy and thought as he had to the army. He enlarged the Mount Vernon house; he laid out the grounds anew, with sunken walls, or ha-has; and he embarked on experiments with mahogany, palmetto, pepper, and other foreign trees, and English grasses and grains. His farm manager during the Revolution, a distant relative named Lund Washington, retired in 1785 and was succeeded by a nephew, Major George Augustine Washington, who resided at Mount Vernon until his death in 1792. Washington's losses during the war had been heavy, caused by neglect of his lands, stoppage of exportation, and depreciation of paper money, which cost him hardly less than $30,000. He then attempted successfully to repair his fortunes, his annual receipts from all his estates being from $10,000 to $15,000 a year. In 1784 he made a tour of nearly 700 miles to view the wild lands he owned to the westward, Congress having made him a generous grant. As a national figure, he was constrained to offer hospitality to old army friends, visitors from other states and nations, diplomats, and Indian delegations, and he and his household seldom sat down to dinner alone.

Viewing the chaotic political condition of the United States after 1783 with frank pessimism and declaring (May 18, 1786) that “something must be done, or the fabric must fall, for it is certainly tottering,” Washington repeatedly wrote his friends urging steps toward “an indissoluble union.” At first he believed that the Articles of Confederation might be amended. Later, especially after the shock of Shays's Rebellion, he took the view that amore radical reform was necessary but doubted as late as the end of 1786 that the time was ripe. His progress toward adoption of the idea of a federal convention was, in fact, puzzlingly slow. Although John Jay assured him in March 1786 that breakup of the nation seemed near and opinion for a constitutional convention was crystallizing, Washington remained noncommittal. But, despite long hesitations, he earnestly supported the proposal for a federal impost, warning the states that their policy must decide “whether the Revolution must ultimately be considered a blessing or a curse.” And his numerous letters to the leading men of the country assisted greatly to form a sentiment favorable to a more perfect union. Some understanding being necessary between Virginia and Maryland regarding the navigation of the Potomac, commissioners from the two states had met at Mount Vernon in the spring of 1785; from this seed sprang the federal convention. Washington approved in advance the call for a gathering of all the states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to “render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union.” But he was again hesitant about attending, partly because he felt tired and infirm, partly because of doubts about the outcome. Although he hoped to the last to be excused, he was chosen one of Virginia's five delegates.

Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 13, the day before the opening of the Constitutional Convention, and as soon as a quorum was obtained he was unanimously chosen its president. For four months he presided over the convention, breaking his silence only once upon a minor question of congressional apportionment. Although he said little in debate, no one did more outside the hall to insist on stern measures. “My wish is,” he wrote, “that the convention may adopt no temporizing expedients, but probe the defects of the Constitution to the bottom, and provide a radical cure.” His weight of character did more than any other single force to bring the convention to an agreement and obtain ratification of the instrument afterward. He did not believe it perfect, though his precise criticisms of it are unknown. But his support gave it victory in Virginia, where he sent copies to Patrick Henry and other leaders with a hint that the alternative to adoption was anarchy, declaring that “it or dis-union is before us to chuse from.” He received and personally circulated copies of The Federalist. When ratification was obtained, he wrote to leaders in the various states urging that men staunchly favorable to it be elected to Congress. For a time he sincerely believed that, the new framework completed, he would be allowed to retire again to privacy. But all eyes immediately turned to him for the first president. He alone commanded the respect of both the parties engendered by the struggle over ratification, and he alone would be able to give prestige to the republic throughout Europe. In no state was any other name considered. The electors chosen in the first days of 1789 cast a unanimous vote for him, and reluctantly—for his love of peace, his distrust of his own abilities, and his fear that his motives in advocating the new government might be misconstrued all made him unwilling—he accepted.

On April 16, after receiving congressional notification of the honor, he set out from Mount Vernon, reaching New York City in time to be inaugurated on April 30. His journey northward was a celebratory procession as people in every town and village through which he passed turned out to greet him, often with banners and speeches, and in some places with triumphal arches. He came across the Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white, and blue. The inaugural ceremony was performed on Wall Street, near the spot now marked by John Quincy Adams Ward's statue of Washington. A great crowd broke into cheers as, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall, he took the oath administered by Chancellor Robert Livingston and retired indoors to read Congress his inaugural address. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts.

Martha was as reluctant as her husband to resume public life. But a month later she came from Mount Vernon to join him. She, too, was greeted wildly on her way. And when Washington crossed the Hudson to bring her to Manhattan, guns boomed in salute. The Washington's, to considerable public criticism, traveled about in a coach-and-four like monarchs. Moreover, during his presidency, Washington did not shake hands, and he met his guests on state occasions while standing on a raised platform and displaying a sword on his hip. Slowly, feeling his way, Washington was defining the style of the first president of a country in the history of the world. The people, too, were adjusting to a government without a king. Even the question of how to address a president had to be discussed. It was decided that in a republic the simple salutation “Mr. President” would do.

Washington's administration of the government in the next eight years was marked by the caution, the methodical precision, and the sober judgment that had always characterized him. He regarded himself as standing aloof from party divisions and emphasized his position as president of the whole country by touring first through the Northern states and later through the Southern. A painstaking inquiry into all the problems confronting the new nation laid the basis for a series of judicious recommendations to Congress in his first message. In selecting the four members of his first cabinet, Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general, Washington balanced the two parties evenly. But he leaned with especial weight upon Hamilton, who supported his scheme for the federal assumption of state debts, took his view that the bill establishing the Bank of the United States was constitutional, and in general favored strengthening the authority of the federal government. Distressed when the inevitable clash between Jefferson and Hamilton arose, he tried to keep harmony, writing frankly to each and refusing to accept their resignations.

But when war was declared between France and England in 1793, he took Hamilton's view that the United States should completely disregard the treaty of alliance with France and pursue a course of strict neutrality, while he acted decisively to stop the improper operations of the French minister, Edmond-Charles Genet. He had a firm belief that the United States must insist on its national identity, strength, and dignity. His object, he wrote, was to keep the country “free from political connections with every other country, to see them independent of all, and under the influence of none. In a word, I want an American character that the powers of Europe may be convinced that we act for ourselves, and not for others.” The sequel was the resignation of Jefferson at the close of 1793, the two men parting on good terms and Washington praising Jefferson's “integrity and talents.” The suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 by federal troops whom Hamilton led in person and the dispatch of John Jay to conclude a treaty of commerce with Great Britain tended further to align Washington with the federalists. Although the general voice of the people compelled him to acquiesce reluctantly to a second term in 1792 and his election that year was again unanimous, during his last four years in office he suffered from a fierce personal and partisan animosity. This culminated when the publication of the terms of the Jay Treaty, which Washington signed in August 1795, provoked a bitter discussion, and the House of Representatives called upon the president for the instructions and correspondence relating to the treaty. These Washington, who had already clashed with the Senate on foreign affairs, refused to deliver, and, in the face of an acrimonious debate, he firmly maintained his position.

Early in his first term, Washington, who by education and natural inclination was minutely careful of the proprieties of life, established the rules of a virtual republican court. In both New York and Philadelphia he rented the best houses procurable, refusing to accept the hospitality of George Clinton, for he believed the head of the nation should be no man's guest. He returned no calls and shook hands with no one, acknowledging salutations by a formal bow. He drove in a coach drawn by four or six smart horses, with outriders and lackeys in rich livery. He attended receptions dressed in a black velvet suit with gold buckles, with yellow gloves, powdered hair, a cocked hat with an ostrich plume in one hand, and a sword in a white leather scabbard. After being overwhelmed by callers, he announced that, except for a weekly levee open to all, persons desiring to see him had to make previous engagements. On Friday afternoons the first lady held informal receptions, at which the president appeared. Although the presidents of the Continental Congress had made their tables partly public, Washington, who entertained largely, inviting members of Congress in rotation, insisted that his hospitality be private. He served good wines and the menus were elaborate, but such visitors as Pennsylvania Senator William Maclay complained that the atmosphere was too “solemn.” Indeed, his simple ceremony offended many of the more radical anti-federalists, who did not share his sense of its fitness and accused the president of conducting himself like a king. But his cold and reserved manner was caused by native diffidence rather than any excessive sense of dignity.

Earnestly desiring leisure, feeling a decline of his physical powers, and wincing under abuses of the opposition, Washington refused to yield to the general pressure for a third term. This refusal was blended with a testament of sagacious advice to his country in the Farewell Address of September 19, 1796, written largely by Hamilton but remolded by Washington and expressing his ideas. Retiring in March 1797 to Mount Vernon, he devoted himself for the last two and a half years of his life to his family, farm operations, and care of his slaves. In 1798 his seclusion was briefly interrupted when the prospect of war with France caused his appointment as commander in chief of the provisional army, and he was much worried by the political quarrels over high commissions; but the war cloud passed away.

On December 12, 1799, after riding on horseback for several hours in cold and snow, he returned home exhausted and was attacked late the next day with quinsy or acute laryngitis. He was bled heavily four times and given gargles of “molasses, vinegar and butter,” and a blister of cantharides (a preparation of dried beetles) was placed on his throat, his strength meanwhile rapidly sinking. He faced the end with characteristic serenity, saying, “I die hard, but I am not afraid to go,” and later: “I feel myself going. I thank you for your attentions; but I pray you to take no more trouble about me. Let me go off quietly. I cannot last long.” After giving instructions to his secretary, Tobias Lear, about his burial, he died at 10:00 PM on December 14. The news of his death placed the entire country in mourning, and the sentiment of the country endorsed the famous words of Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”) Lee, embodied in resolutions that John Marshall introduced in the House of Representatives, that he was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” When the news reached Europe, the British channel fleet and the armies of Napoleon paid tribute to his memory, and many of the leaders of the time joined in according him a preeminent place among the heroes of history. His fellow citizens memorialized him forever by naming the newly created capital city of the young nation for him while he was still alive. Later, one of the states of union would bear his name—the only state named for an individual American. Moreover, counties in 32 states were given his name, and in time it also could be found in 121 postal addresses. The people of the United States have continued to glory in knowing him as “the father of his country,” an accolade he was pleased to accept, even though it pained him that he fathered no children of his own. For almost a century beginning in the 1770s, Washington was the uncontested giant in the American pantheon of greats, but only until Abraham Lincoln was enshrined there after another critical epoch in the life of the country.

Summary of Events in George Washington's life:
1. Probably named after George Eskridge who raised George Washington's mother.
2. 6' 2" and about 200 lbs.
3. George adopted his wife's two children from a previous marriage; John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis. John's grandaughter Mary Custis married Robert E. Lee. He had no children of his own.
4. He didn't cut down the cherry tree.
5. Had an irregular education in colonial Virginia. Applied his mathematical skills to learn surveying.
6. Episcopalian.
7. Played billiards, cards, fox hunted and read the newspapers of the day aloud to his wife.
8. Before marriage he courted Betsy Fauntleroy, Mary Philipse, Sally Fairfax.
9. Served in the Virginia Militia generally from 1752-1758 rising to Colonel. Commander in Chief of the Continental Army 1775-1783.
10. Surveyor of Culpepper County, Virginia.
11. House of Burgesses 1759-1774.
12. Delegate to the Continental Congress 1774-1775.
13. Elected twice as President 1789 and 1792.

George married Martha Dandridge [18575] [MRIN: 6362] on 6 Jan 1759 in St. Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia. Martha was born on 21 Jun 1731 in New Kent County, Virginia and died on 22 May 1802 in Mt. Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia at age 70.

General Notes: Martha Dandridge Custis Washington

"I think I am more like a state prisoner than anything else, there is certain bounds set for me which I must not depart from..." So in one of her surviving letters, Martha Washington confided to a niece that she did not entirely enjoy her role as first of First Ladies. She once conceded that "many younger and gayer women would be extremely pleased" in her place; she would "much rather be at home."

But when George Washington took his oath of office in New York City on April 30, 1789, and assumed the new duties of President of the United States, his wife brought to their position a tact and discretion developed over 58 years of life in Tidewater Virginia society.

Oldest daughter of John and Frances Dandridge, she was born June 2, 1731, on a plantation near Williamsburg. Typical for a girl in an 18th-century family, her education was almost negligible except in domestic and social skills, but she learned all the arts of a well-ordered household and how to keep a family contented.

As a girl of 18--about five feet tall, dark-haired, gentle of manner--she married the wealthy Daniel Park Custis. Two babies died; two were hardly past infancy when her husband died in 1757.

From the day Martha married George Washington in 1759, her great concern was the comfort and happiness of her husband and children. When his career led him to the battlegrounds of the Revolutionary War and finally to the Presidency, she followed him bravely. Her love of private life equaled her husband's; but, as she wrote to her friend Mercy Otis Warren, " I cannot blame him for having acted according to his ideas of duty in obeying the voice of his country." As for herself, "I am still determined to be cheerful and happy, in whatever situation I may be; for I have also learned from experience that the greater part of our happiness or misery depends upon our dispositions, and not upon our circumstances."

At the President's House in temporary capitals, New York and Philadelphia, the Washingtons chose to entertain in formal style, deliberately emphasizing the new republic's wish to be accepted as the equal of the established governments of Europe. Still, Martha's warm hospitality made her guests feel welcome and put strangers at ease. She took little satisfaction in " formal compliments and empty ceremonies" and declared that "I am fond of only what comes from the heart." Abigail Adams, who sat at her right during parties and receptions, praised her as "one of those unassuming characters which create Love and Esteem."

In 1797 the Washingtons said farewell to public life and returned to their beloved Mount Vernon, to live surrounded by kinfolk, friends, and a constant stream of guests eager to pay their respects to the celebrated couple. Martha's daughter Patsy had died, her son Jack at 26, but Jack's children figured in the household. After George Washington died in 1799, Martha assured a final privacy by burning their letters; she died of "severe fever" on May 22, 1802. Both lie buried at Mount Vernon, where Washington himself had planned an unpretentious tomb for them.

   442 F    ii. Betty Washington [3839] was born in 1733 and died in 1797 at age 64.

Betty married Unknown Lewis [23453] [MRIN: 7904].

   443 M    iii. Samuel Washington [18636] was born in 1734 and died in 1781 at age 47.

+ 444 M    iv. John Augustine Washington [18687] was born in 1736.

   445 M    v. Charles Washington [18689] was born in 1738 and died in 1799 at age 61.

General Notes: Founder of Charleston, VA (WVA).

   446 F    vi. Mildred Washington [18690] was born in 1739.

Augustin next married Jane Butler [23451] [MRIN: 7902]. Jane died in 1730.

377. Mary Bland [13047] was born on 21 Aug 1704 in Prince George, Virginia and died in 1764 in Virginia at age 60.

General Notes: Left a will dated October 19, 1762; proved May 29, 1764.
SRC: "Ancient Dominion of Virginia". pg 671. History of Virginia Published 1859. See bibliography.

Mary married Col. Henry Lee [12833] [MRIN: 4285], son of Richard Lee [12823] and Laetitia Corbin [12824], in 1724 in Prince George County, Virginia. Henry was born in 1691 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, died in 1747 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 56, and was buried in Burnt Housefield, Lee Hall Plantation, Virginia.

Noted events in their marriage were:

• Alt. Marriage: Alt. Marriage, Abt 1723, Prince William County, Virginia.

Noted events in his life were:

• Alt. Death: Alt. Death, Abt 1747.

Children from this marriage were:

   447 M    i. John Lee [12888] was born in 1724 in Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1767 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 43.

+ 448 M    ii. Richard Lee [12889] was born in 1726 in Bristol, Virginia and died in 1795 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 69.

   449 F    iii. Laetitia Lee [12890] was born in 1730 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1788 in Lancaster County, Virginia at age 58.

+ 450 M    iv. Henry Lee [12885] was born in 1729 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia, died in 1787 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 58, and was buried in Washington D. C..

   451 F    v. Female Lee [12884] was born in 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

   452 F    vi. Anne Lee [12892] was born in 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

378. Elizabeth Bland [13048] was born on 29 May 1705 in Prince George City County, Virginia.

General Notes: Residence at "Blandfield", Essex County, Virginia.

Elizabeth married Col. William Beverley [13049] [MRIN: 5254], son of Col. Robert Beverley Jr. [15817] and Ursula Byrd [15818]. William was born about 1696 and died on 28 Feb 1756 about age 60.

General Notes: Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Owned Beverley Manor in Augusta County, Virginia and leased 118,490 acres from the Fairfax family in 1736 for one pound per thousand acres a year. He was Clerk of the County between 1716 and 1745 in Essex County, Virginia; was a member of the Council between 1752 and 1755; left a will on December 3, 1755; proved May 3, 1756. Left a will on 3 dec 1755; proved 3 may 1756.

In the name of God, Amen. I, William Beverley of Blandfield in the parish of St. Ann in the county of Essex, Virginia, Esquire, being in tolerable health and of sound mind & memory do make this my last will and testament in manner and form following:
Imprimis. I do order my executors herein after named to pay all my just debts that I owe to my several creditors.
Item. I do lend unto my dear and loving wife Elizabeth during her natural life and in full consideration of her thirds dower or child’s part of all my estate real and personal and in lieu thereof all my lands and plantations in the county of Essex together with all my slaves, cattle, horses, hogs, and sheep usually kept thereon, and I also give her on the said consideration all my household goods, carts, and tools with corn belonging to the said plantation, also my household goods and plate which I now have in England, also my chair and coach if Mr. Edward Athawes has bought one for me at the time of my death as I have directed him, all this in full consideration as aforesaid.
Item. Whereas I have already given unto my son-in-law James Mills in money & slaves to the value of one thousand pounds sterling, I do therefore give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Elizabeth, now the wife of the said James Mills, and her heirs forever the further sum of five hundred pounds sterling.
Item. I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Ursula, now the wife of William Fitzhugh, and her heirs forever the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, having also paid her said husband the sum of one thousand pounds sterling, memorandum that these legacies are in full of my said two daughters’ marriage portions.
Item. I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Anna Beverley ( ) to be paid her on the day of her marriage or when she comes to the age of twenty-one years, whichever shall first happen, and in the meantime I order that she be maintained out of her brother’s estate.
Item. I do give and bequeath unto my dear son Robert and to his heirs forever, all the rest of my estate both real and personal and the fee simple of the estate above devised to his dear mother, but if she shall happen to depart this life before he shall attain to the age of twenty-one years (which God forbid), then and in such case I give and bequeath unto my daughter Elizabeth Mills and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever all my lands in the counties of King & Queen and Essex, and my lands called Pewmazeno situated lying and being on both sides of the mill pond of the mill commonly called Taliaferro’s Mill in the county of Caroline and now belonging to Thomas Roy and Adam Lindsey, together with one-third of all the Negroes left my wife and son, and all these lands and Negroes are to go to and descend together in manner to my dear daughter Elizabeth as aforesaid, but on expressed condition that she and her heirs shall convey unto my dear daughter Anna all their right and title of in and to my tract of land of four thousand acres called Elkwood, situated in the county of Culpepper which was settled by act of assembly in the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and twenty-two and in the same manner as therein in this my will, shall give it to her, & if my said daughter Mills and her heirs shall refuse to convey it to her as aforesaid then and in such case all the said tracts of land, herein bequeathed to my dear daughter Mills to go to my dear daughter Anna & to descend in the same manner as the other lands will in this my will, be given to her as appointed to go and descend and not otherwise, and then my said dear daughter Mills to have all these lands. I shall give and bequeath to my dear daughter Anna on the same terms as I give and bequeathed in King & Queen, Essex, and Caroline to her. And in case of failure of issue of the body of my said dear daughter Mills lawfully begotten, I give and bequeath all the said lands and slaves to my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever, and on failure of such issue I give and bequeath all the said lands and slaves to my dear daughter Anna and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Item. In case of the death of the death of my dear son Robert as foresaid I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever one-third of all the Negroes left my wife and son and all my lands in the county of Caroline containing about fourteen thousand one hundred and seventy-four acres commonly called Beverley Chance, be the same more or less and my lots in Port Royal and, on failure of such issue, I give the said lands and slaves unto my dear daughter Elizabeth Mills and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Item. In case of the death of the death of my dear son Robert Beverley as foresaid, I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Anna Beverley and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever one-third part of all my slaves and all my lands in the counties of Culpepper and Prince William and my lots in Falmouth & Fredericksburg and, on failure of such issue, I give the said lands, lots, and slaves to my dear daughter Elizabeth Mills & the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever and, on failure of such issue, I give the said slaves, lands, and lots to my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Be it remembered that it is my intention that in all these bequests of slaves to my dear daughter, the increase of them to go, and descend in the several entails as if they had been expressly named.
Item. I desire my executors will buy for each of themselves a pair of good horses fit for coach or chair and charge my estate with their cost.
Item. I desire my executors will send to London for a neat marble tombstone and have it placed over his (Robert Beverley, his father) body at the charge of my estate, he having departed this life at Beverley Park the 21st of April 1722, new style and lies buried there.
Item. It is my desire that my body may be interred as privately as may be without any pomp or funeral sermon.
Item. I do nominate and appoint my well beloved wife and my cousin * friend John Robinson, Esq., of King & Queen, executors of this my last will and testament and guardian of my dear son Robert and my dear daughter Anna. And it is my will and desire that my son may remain under the care of Mr. Edward Athawes of London, merchant, till he thinks proper to send him unto this country. And it is also my intent that my wife is not to make up the loss or decrease of the horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs or other personal estate. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this third day of December in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-five, being all written with my own hand and the several obligations also made by myself.

W. Beverley (L. S.)

Item. My will and desire is and I do empower either of my executors to sell all my lands in Augusta and Isle of Wight and add the proceeds to my personal estate.
Item. If money should be wanted for the payment of my debts and legacies before my crops & rents and other profits of my estate can raise money sufficient for the payment of them, I do hereby empower my executors to borrow enough money for the payment thereof at interest. In testimony whereof I have to this my last will and testament set my hand and seal the day and year first above written.

W. Beverley (L. S.)

Sealed & declared to be the last will and testament of the within named William Beverley by him in the presence of us.

Archibald Ritchie, Ch. Mortimer, John Corrie, James Emerson

At a general court held at the capitol the 3rd day of May 1756. This will was proved according to law by the oaths of John Corrie and James Emerson, witnesses thereto & ordered to be recorded. And, on the motion of John Robinson, Esq., one of the executors therein named who made oath according to law, certificate was granted him for obtaining a probate thereof in due form, giving security whereupon he together with Ralph Wormeley and Bernard Moore, Gent., his securities entered into and acknowledged their bond in the penalty of ten thousand pounds current money conditioned as the law directs, liberty nevertheless being reserved to Elizabeth Beverley, the executrix named in the said will to join in the probate thereof when she shall think fit.

Teste: Ben Waller, C. Cur.


Source: The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Volume XXII, pages 297 – 301, with the following note:
The will of William Beverley of "Blandfield", Essex county, member of the council and patentee of the great Beverley Manor tract in Augusta county has not heretofore been discovered. In the recently published abstracts of the records of Augusta county, by Judge Lyman Chalkley, it was shown that a copy of the will was recorded in a suit in that county. We are indebted to Mr. Armistead C. Gordon of Staunton, a member of the executive committee of the society, for an exact copy. It appears from this that the will was proved in the general court and destroyed by fire with the other records of that court. It is evident that when James Brown, clerk of the general court, made the copy filed in Staunton, that the original record was mutilated as the copy omits the amount of money legacy to Anna Beverley and does not give the name of the person commemorated by the tombstone which is ordered. (By the date, this person must be William’s father, Robert Beverley).

Children from this marriage were:

+ 453 F    i. Ursala Beverley [23467] was born in Essex County, Virginia.

   454 M    ii. John Beverley [23471] died in 1743.

   455 F    iii. Anna Beverley [23472] .

Anna married Col. Robert Munford [15923] [MRIN: 7920], son of Capt. Robert Munford [15873] and Anna Bland [15872].

+ 456 F    iv. Elizabeth Beverley [23473] was born on 15 Jan 1725 in "Blandfield" Essex County, Virginia and died on 3 Oct 1795 at age 70.

+ 457 M    v. Robert Beverley [23478] was born on 21 Aug 1740 in "Blandfield" Essex County, Virginia and died on 12 Apr 1800 at age 59.

379. Theodorick Bland [34307] was born on 2 Dec 1708 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in May 1790 in Amelia County, Virginia at age 81.

General Notes: Resided at "Cawson's" Prince George City County, Virginia; resided at "Kippax" Prince George City County, Virginia; left a will dated July 16, 1783 - proved October 28, 1784.

Theodorick married Elizabeth Randolph [15975] [MRIN: 11628], daughter of Edward Randolph [15879] and Elizabeth Graves [15972], about 1759.

Children from this marriage were:

   458 F    i. Patsy Bland [15934] .

+ 459 F    ii. Unknown Bland [15938] .

Theodorick next married Frances Bolling [15876] [MRIN: 5284], daughter of Capt. Drury Bolling [15877] and Elizabeth Meriwether [15926], in 1739. Frances was born in 1724 in Prince George City County, Virginia and died in 1774 at age 50.

General Notes: Descendant of Pocahontas.

Children from this marriage were:

   460 F    i. Elizabeth Bland [16046] was born on 4 Jan 1738 and died in 1788 at age 50.

Elizabeth married Col. John Banister [15939] [MRIN: 7983] in 1760. John was born on 26 Dec 1734 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia and died on 30 Sep 1788 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia at age 53.

General Notes: BANISTER, John, a Delegate from Virginia; born at “Hatcher’s Run,” near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va., December 26, 1734; attended a private school at Wakefield, England, and was graduated in law from the Temple in London; returned to Virginia and commenced the practice of law in Petersburg; also engaged as a planter; member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765, 1766-1774, and 1775; member of the conventions of 1775 and 1776; served in the State house of delegates in 1776, 1777, and 1781-1783; Member of the Continental Congress in 1778; one of the framers and signers of the Articles of Confederation; during the Revolutionary War served as major and lieutenant colonel of the Virginia Militia; died on his estate, “Hatcher’s Run,” near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va., on September 30, 1788; interment in the family burying ground on his estate.

SRC: Congressional Library

   461 M    ii. Col. Theodorick Bland [16043] was born on 21 Mar 1742 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia, died on 2 Jun 1790 in New York City, New York at age 48, and was buried in Trinity Churchyard, New York/Reinternment Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D. C..

General Notes: Theodorick Bland was a descendant of Pocahontas on his mother's side. He was sent abroad for schooling and in 1763 graduated from the University of Edinburgh as a medical doctor. Bland practiced medicine in Virginia from 1764 until ill-health forced him to give quit in 1771. After his retirement he became an active patriot and in June 1775 Bland, along with 23 others, helped to removed arms from the governor's palace in Williamsburg. In June 1776 Bland became a Captain in the first troop of Virginia Cavalry, going on to become a Colonel in the 1st Continental Dragoons.

At the Battle of Brandywine Bland commanded light cavalry troops. Bland's cavalry were among the few horseman available to Washington for scouting purposes on the day of the battle. Some blamed the American defeat at Brandywine on Bland's poor scouting abilities, especially Light Horse Harry Lee would held Bland responsible. Some accounts of the battle portray Bland as slow in reporting enemy movements to Washington. Bland had responsibilities covering Washington's right flank where Cornwallis crossed the river and captured a small community before Washington was notified.

Henry Lee summed it up, "Colonel Bland was noble, sensible, honorable, and amiable; but never intended for the department of military intelligence."

Nephew of Richard Bland; uncle of John Randolph of Roanoke; served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War; delegate to Congress from Virginia, 1780-83; at large delegate, 1789-90; died in office 1790.
------------
By the Spring of 1790 many American politicians had cause to worry about the survival of the Union to which they had devoted their careers. Southerners remained angry over their inability to establish the capital on the Potomac and the northern demand that the federal government assume all state debts. Northerners expressed their frustrations openly especially after the House rejected assumption on April 12. This letter was written before that House vote and it should give the reader a feel for the times and concerns of the involved.

Transcript of one of Theodorick Bland's last letters written March 6, 1790 to St. George Tucker.

My dear Sir.
I was yesterday favored with your agreeable letter enclosing two for the Boys which I delivered to them - I have the satisfaction to inform you they are both well - I am myself just risen from a fit of the Gout which attacked me a day or two before the Attorney General left this place, and exerted its utmost violence on my hands, feet and knees and elbows for about ten days it has however spared my head - and I thank God has left that in a Better Situation than it has been for twelve months preceding - so that it is now more than four weeks since I have been obliged to bleed or Cup - thus do I begin to entertain hopes that I shall again enjoy good health - thus much for myself - The federal Councils move with a Slow and Cautious step - but a Politician of no great depth may easily see what it is likely to be the Issue of the Fiscal arrangements of the Present System - Absorption of revenue will Certainly follow Assumption of debt - so that our State governments will have little else to do than to eat drink and be merry - all this I think I foresaw would be the case for how are states to be managed who have not nor ever will make any exertions to pay the debts contracted in a common cause - while the Citizens of others are taxed up to the teeth for that purpose - again Consolidation follows power - power has been given with a liberal hand - how then is consolidation to be with held - some feeble attempts to keeps it back may now be made by those who gave the power - but I see tis in vain it may be a sort of apology for the moments of Liberality but what avails it - I see I must either go with the tide of Power or become again a Rebel - which is the best at my time of life? You wish to have the secretary's budget - it is too large to enclose in a letter - and I have only one which is my Text Book in Congress - But by this time the Atty. Genl & Mr. Blair are arrived and they carried each a copy out to Encompass the Assumption and funding of the State debts of this there were no more copies Struck but sufficient for the members of both houses - it consists of additional Signposts on Pepper Salt Rum Wine Sugar Melasses etc etc. to a little more than one Million - I have enclosed yu the last Paper - tis but a Barren one but may be Interesting to you as you will see the roll of the Regt. of Lawyers enlisted to serve at the federal Bar - I have written an Answer to Mr. Wickham the Lawyer - I wish you wd. ask him to let you look at it - if anything is wanting - I shd be glad you wd point out it to him, which as a party to the Suit I think you may do consistent with yr Character as a Judge - my love to the Boys & Girls and believe me to be yr affect. Friend & Sert.

Theodorick Bland

P.S. we are told her that poor Grayson is so ill on the road that his life despaird of=shd. he die - I mean to become a candidate to be his successor in the Senate - if you can give me a lift with your Honble. Friends in the Executive-Shd. that event take place I shall Esteem it a favor - but do not mention this Subject unless the Event sahd. actually take place.

Theodorick married Martha Dangerfield [16045] [MRIN: 7979]. Martha was born in 1742 and died in 1804 in France at age 62.

+ 462 F    iii. Anne Bland [15927] was born in 1748 in Prince George City County, Virginia.

   463 F    iv. Jane Bland [13041] was born on 30 Sep 1749.

Jane married Herbert Harris [15940] [MRIN: 5312].

+ 464 F    v. Frances Bland [15959] was born on 24 Sep 1752 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died on 18 Jan 1788 in Matoax, Virginia at age 35.

   465 F    vi. Mary Bland [13039] was born in 1754.

Mary married William Ruffin [15941] [MRIN: 5311]. William was born in 1755.

380. Lt. Richard Bland [13046] was