Kings, Queens, Presidents and First Ladies

354. Henry Bowen-[18156] (Griffith Bowen³²⁵, Francis Bowen²⁹⁸, Philip Bowen²⁷⁵, Gruffydd ap Owain²⁵⁸, Owain ap Jenkin²⁴¹, Jenkin ap Euan Gwyn²²⁴, Ieuan Gwyn ap Hywel Gam²⁰⁷, Hywel Melyn ap Gwilym Gam¹⁸⁹, Gwilym Gam ap Hywel Fychan¹⁶⁶, Hywel Fychan ap Hywel¹⁴⁹, Ann verch Gwilym¹²⁶, Gwilym ap Jenkin¹⁰¹, Jenkins ap Gwrgi⁸⁷, Ann Maelog⁷⁴, Joan verch Rhys⁷⁰, Rhys ap Gruffudd⁶⁷, Mabel FitzRobert⁵⁷, William (Earl)⁵⁰, Robert de Caen (Earl)⁴¹, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 4-1633 and died on 3-13-1724 at age 90.

Henry married Elizabeth Johnson-[18157] [MRIN:6141] on 12-20-1658. Elizabeth was born about 8-13-1633.

+ 428 M i. John Bowen-[18158] was born on 9-1-1662 and died on 11-24-1718 at age 56.

355. Rebecca Russell-[18237] (Col. John Russell³²⁶, Rev. Samuel Russell²⁹⁹, Rebecca Newberry²⁷⁶, Thomas Newberry²⁵⁹, Richard Newberry²⁴², Richard Newborough²²⁵, Walter Newburgh²⁰⁸, Thomas Newburgh¹⁹⁰, John Newburgh¹⁶⁷, John Newburgh¹⁵⁰, Margaret Poyntz¹²⁷, Nicholas Poyntz¹⁰², Elizabeth la Zouche⁸⁸, Millicent de Cantelupe⁷⁵, Eva de Braose⁷¹, Lord William de Braose "Black Will"⁶⁸, Gracia de Briwere "The Dark"⁵⁸, Beatrice de Vaux⁵¹, Rainald (Earl of Cornwall)⁴⁴, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 2-6-1723 in New Haven, CT and died on 5-27-1773 in New Haven, CT at age 50.

Rebecca married Capt. Ezekiel Hayes-[18238] [MRIN:6183] on 12-26-1749 in Branford, New Haven, CT. Ezekiel was born on 10-21-1724 in Simsbury, CT and died on 10-17-1807 in New Haven, CT at age 82.

+ 429 M i. Rutherford Hayes-[18239] was born on 7-29-1756 in Branford, New Haven, CT and died on 9-25-1836 in West Brattleboro, Windham County, Vermont at age 80.

365. 9th President William Henry Harrison-[19079] (Benjamin Harrison³²⁸, Anne Carter³⁰⁰, Col. Robert Carter²⁷⁷, Sarah Ludlow²⁶⁰, Gabriel Ludlow²⁴³, Thomas Ludlow²²⁶, Edith Windsor²⁰⁹, Elizabeth Blount¹⁹¹, Margaret Eychingham¹⁶⁸, Sir Thomas Eychingham¹⁵¹, Sir John Knyvet II¹²⁸, John de Botetourte¹⁰³, Sir Otto de Botetourte⁸⁹, John de Botetourte⁷⁶, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 2-9-1773 in Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia and died on 4-4-1841 in White House, Washington D. C. at age 68.

General Notes: born Feb. 9, 1773, Charles City county, Va. [U.S.]
died April 4, 1841, Washington, D.C.

Ninth president of the United States (1841), whose Indian campaigns, while a territorial governor and army officer, thrust him into the national limelight and led to his election in 1840. He was the oldest man, at 67, ever elected president up to that time, the last president born under British rule, and the first to die in office—after only one month's service. His grandson Benjamin Harrison was 23rd president of the United States (1889–93).

Harrison was born at Berkeley, a Virginia plantation, and descended from two wealthy and well-connected Virginia families. His father, Benjamin Harrison, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a member of the Continental Congress; a brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, served six years in the House of Representatives. Harrison attended Hampden-Sydney College in 1787, then studied medicine in Richmond, Virginia, and in Philadelphia with Benjamin Rush.

At age 18 Harrison enlisted as an army officer, serving as an aide-de-camp to General Anthony Wayne, who was engaged in a struggle against the Northwest Indian Confederation over the westward encroachment of white settlers. Harrison took part in the campaign that ended in the Battle of FallenTimbers (August 20, 1794), near present-day Maumee, Ohio. He was named secretary of the Northwest Territory, a vast tract of land encompassing most of the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, in 1798, and he was sent to Congress as a territorial delegate the following year. In May 1800 Harrison was appointed governor of the newly created Indiana Territory, where, succumbing to the demands of land-hungry whites, he negotiated between 1802 and 1809 a number of treaties that stripped the Indians of that region of millions of acres.

Resisting this expansionism, the Shawnee intertribal leader Tecumseh organized an Indian uprising. Leading a force of seasoned regulars and militia, Harrison defeated the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe (November 7, 1811), near present-day Lafayette, Indiana, a victory that largely established his military reputation in the public mind. A few months after the War of 1812 broke out with Great Britain, Harrison was made a brigadier general and placed in command of all federal forces in the Northwest Territory. On October 5, 1813, troops under his command decisively defeated the British and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Thames, in Ontario, Canada. Tecumseh was killed in the battle, and the British-Indian alliance was permanently destroyed; thus ended resistance inthe Northwest.

After the war Harrison settled in Ohio, where he quickly became active in politics. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1816–19), the Ohio Senate (1819–21), and the U.S. Senate (1825–28) and as minister to Colombia (1828–29). In 1836 he was one of three presidential candidates of the splintered Whig Party, but he lost the election to Democrat Martin VanBuren. Nonetheless, his popular-vote totals were large enough to encourage him to make another attempt. In 1840 Harrison won the Whig nomination over Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, largely because of his military record and his noncommittal political views. In him the Whigs believed they had found a new Andrew Jackson, attractive as a war hero and a frontiersman. He became, as a result, the first “packaged” presidential candidate, depicted as a simple soul from the backwoods. To pull in Southern Democrats, the Whigs nominated John Tyler of Virginia for vice president. Capitalizing on voters' distress over the severe economic depression caused by the panic of 1837, the campaign deliberately avoided discussion of national issues and substituted political songs, partisan slogans, and appropriate insignia: miniature log cabins and jugs of hard cider were widely distributed to emphasize Harrison's frontier identification, and the cry of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” rang throughout the land, calling up Harrison's dramatic triumph on the field of battle 29 years earlier. These appeals triumphed, with Harrison winning 234 electoral votes to incumbent Martin Van Buren's 60.

Harrison was the first president-elect to travel by railroad to Washington for his inauguration. Wearing no gloves and no overcoat despite the freezing weather, he rode up Pennsylvania Avenue on a white horse to take the oath of office on March 4, 1841. It was said that he was as pleased with the presidency “as a young woman with a new bonnet.” In the cold drizzle he delivered an inaugural address that lasted almost two hours. In it he highlighted a common Whig concern—“executive usurpation”—and reconfirmed his belief in a limited role for the U.S. president. He said he would serve but one term, limit his use of the veto, and leave revenue schemes to Congress. The address was circulated to some parts of the country by railroad; people outside of Washington for the first time could read the president's words the same day they were uttered.

Harrison was soon overwhelmed by office seekers. He was thoroughly dominated by the better-known leaders of his party—Daniel Webster, whom he appointed secretary of state, and Henry Clay. His relations with Clay were embittered, as Clay then preferred to wield power as leader of the Whigs in Congress. Once when Clay was pressing his opinions on him, Harrison responded, “Mr. Clay, you forget that I am president.” Harrison tried to do everything expected of him, even trudging around Washington to purchase supplies for the White House. But a cold he had contracted on inauguration day developed into pneumonia, and he died just a month later, on April 4, bringing “His Accidency,” John Tyler, to the presidency. The first president to lie in state in the Capitol, Harrison was buried in Washington. In June his remains were reinterred in what is now the William Henry Harrison Memorial State Park in North Bend, Ohio.

Harrison's wife was Anna Symmes Harrison, who had been born in New Jersey of a well-connected family; her father served as chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. During the American Revolution, when the British occupied New Jersey, her father smuggled her, then an infant, through enemy lines to her grandparents' home on Long Island, New York, where she grew up. She received elite schooling there and later in New YorkCity. Her father opposed her marriage to Harrison, but he became reconciled as Harrison rose to prominence. She had not accompanied Harrison to Washington, intending to follow him to the White House later to take up her role as first lady. At first she had enthusiastically supported Harrison's electioneering, seemingly eager to greet visitors who flocked to their home in North Bend. But when one of the Harrisons' sons, his namesake, died in 1838, she fell into depression, even questioning her husband's zeal to be president at his advanced age. Accompanying Harrison to the capital and intending temporarily to substitute for his wife as hostess was a daughter-in-law, his son's widow, Jane Irwin Harrison.

William married Anna Tuthill Symmes-[19080] [MRIN:6557] on 11-22-1795 in North Bend, Ohio. Anna was born on 7-25-1775 in Flatbrook, Sussex County, New Jersey and died on 2-25-1864 in North Bend, Ohio at age 88.

+ 430 M i. John Scott Harrison-[19081] was born on 10-4-1804 in Vincennes, Indiana and died on 5-25-1878 in Point Farm, North Bend, Ohio at age 73.

366. Rhoda Rawson-[18271] (Abner Rawson³²⁹, Edmund Rawson³⁰¹, Rev. Grindall Rawson²⁷⁸, Rachel Perne²⁶¹, Rachel Greene²⁴⁴, Richard Greene II²²⁷, Richard Greene²¹⁰, Robert Greene¹⁹², John Greene¹⁶⁹, Ela Malory¹⁵², Alice de Driby¹²⁹, Amy (Joan) de Gaveston¹⁰⁴, Margaret de Clare⁹⁰, Joan of Acre⁷⁸, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 10-4-1749 and died on 6-9-1827 at age 77.

Rhoda married Aaron Taft-[18272] [MRIN:6202] on 6-1-1769. Aaron was born on 5-28-1743 and died on 3-26-1808 at age 64.

367. Hannah Gibbons-[18303] (Judith Lewis³³⁰, Elizabeth Marshall³⁰², Katherine Mitton²⁷⁹, Edward Harpersfield²⁶², Joyce Mitton²⁴⁵, Constance de Beaumont²²⁸, Eleanor Sutton²¹¹, John de Sutton VI¹⁹³, John de Sutton V¹⁷⁰, Sir John de Sutton IV¹⁵³, Katherine de Stafford¹³⁰, Baroness Margaret de Audley¹⁰⁵, Margaret de Clare⁹⁰, Joan of Acre⁷⁸, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

368. William Strother-[18011] (Francis Strother³³¹, Margaret Thornton³⁰³, Alice Savage²⁸⁰, Anthony Savage²⁶³, Anthony Savage²⁴⁶, Francis Savage Esq.²²⁹, Christopher Savage II²¹², Christopher Savage¹⁹⁴, Katherine Stanley¹⁷¹, Joan Goushill¹⁵⁴, Elizabeth FitzAlan¹³¹, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1725 and died about 1808 about age 83.

William married Sarah Bayly-[18012] [MRIN:6070]. Sarah was born about 1720 and died on 12-22-1774 about age 54.

369. Eleanor Rose Conway-[18051] (Francis Conway³³², Elizabeth Thornton³⁰⁴, Alice Savage²⁸⁰, Anthony Savage²⁶³, Anthony Savage²⁴⁶, Francis Savage Esq.²²⁹, Christopher Savage II²¹², Christopher Savage¹⁹⁴, Katherine Stanley¹⁷¹, Joan Goushill¹⁵⁴, Elizabeth FitzAlan¹³¹, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1731 and died in 1829 at age 98.

Eleanor married James Madison-[18052] [MRIN:6086]. James was born in 1723 and died in 1801 at age 78.

434 M i. 4th U.S. President James Madison-[18053] was born on 3-16-1751 in Port Conway, King George County, Virginia and died on 6-28-1836 in Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia at age 85.

General Notes: Madison was born at the home of his maternal grandmother. The son and name sake of a leading Orange county landowner and squire, he maintained his lifelong home in Virginia at Montpelier, near the Blue Ridge Mountains. In 1769 he rode horseback to the College of New Jersey (Princeton University), selected for its hostility to episcopacy. He completed the four-year course in two years, finding time also to demonstrate against England and to lampoon members of a rival literary society in ribald verse. Overwork produced several years of epileptic hysteria and premonitions of early death, which thwarted military training but did not prevent home study of public law, mixed with early advocacy of independence (1774) and furious denunciation of the imprisonment of nearby dissenters from the established Anglican Church. Madison never became a church member, but in maturity he expressed a preference for Unitarianism.

His health improved, and he was elected to Virginia's 1776 Revolutionary convention, where he drafted the state's guarantee of religious freedom. In the convention-turned-legislature he helped Thomas Jefferson disestablish the church but lost reelection by refusing to furnish the electors with free whiskey. After two years on the governor's council, he was sent to the Continental Congress in March 1780.

Five feet four inches tall and weighing about 100 pounds, small boned, boyish in appearance, and weak of voice, he waited six months before taking the floor, but strong actions belied his mild demeanor. He rose quickly to leadership against the devotees of state sovereignty and enemies of Franco-U.S.. collaboration in peace negotiations, contending also for the establishment of the Mississippi as a western territorial boundary and the right to navigate that river through its Spanish-held delta. Defending Virginia's charter title to the vast Northwest against states that had no claim to western territories and whose major motive was to validate barrel-of-rum purchases from Indian tribes, Madison defeated the land speculators by persuading Virginia to cede the western lands to Congress as a national heritage.

Following the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, Madison undertook to strengthen the Union by asserting implied power in Congress to enforce financial requisitions upon the states by military coercion. This move failing, he worked unceasingly for an amendment conferring power to raise revenue and wrote an eloquent address adjuring the states to avert national disintegration by ratifying the submitted article. The Chevalier de la Luzerne, French minister to the United States, wrote that Madison was “regarded as the man of the soundest judgment in Congress.”

Reentering the Virginia legislature in 1784, Madison defeated Patrick Henry's bill to give financial support to “teachers of the Christian religion.” To avoid the political effect of his extreme nationalism, he persuaded the states-rights advocate John Tyler to sponsor the calling of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, which, aided by Madison's influence, produced the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

There his Virginia, or large-state, Plan, put forward through Governor Edmund Randolph, furnished the basic framework and guiding principles of the Constitution, earning him the title of father of the Constitution. Madison believed keenly in the value of a strong government in which power was well controlled because it was well balanced among the branches. Delegate William Pierce of Georgia wrote that, in the management of every great question, Madison “always comes forward the best informed Man of any point in debate.” Pierce called him “a Gentleman of great modesty—with a remarkable sweet temper. He is easy and unreserved among his acquaintances, and has a most agreeable style of conversation.”

Madison took day-by-day notes of debates at the Constitutional Convention, which furnish the only comprehensive history of the proceedings. To promote ratification he collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in newspaper publication of The Federalist Papers (Madison wrote 29 out of 85), which became the standard commentary on the Constitution. His influence produced ratification by Virginia and led John Marshall to say that, if eloquence included “persuasion by convincing, Mr. Madison was the most eloquent man I ever heard.”

Elected to the new House of Representatives, Madison sponsored the first 10 amendments to the Constitution—the Bill of Rights—placing emphasis in debate on freedom of religion, speech, and press. His leadership in the House, which caused the Massachusetts congressman Fisher Ames to call him “our first man,” came to an end when he split with Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton over methods of funding the war debts. Hamilton's aim was to strengthen the national government by cementing men of wealth to it; Madison sought to protect the interests of Revolutionary veterans.

Hamilton's victory turned Madison into a strict constructionist of the congressional power to appropriate for the general welfare. He denied the existence of implied power to establish a national bank to aid the Treasury. Later, as president, he asked for and obtained a bank as “almost [a] necessity” for that purpose, but he contended that it was constitutional only because Hamilton's bank had gone without constitutional challenge. Unwillingness to admit error was a lifelong characteristic. The break over funding split Congress into Madisonian and Hamiltonian factions, with Fisher Ames now calling Madison a “desperate party leader” who enforced a discipline “as severe as the Prussian.” (Madisonians turned into Jeffersonians after Jefferson, having returned from France, became secretary of state.)

In 1794 Madison married a widow, Dolly Payne Todd, a handsome, buxom, vivacious Quaker 17 years his junior, who rejected church discipline and loved social activities. Her first husband had died in the yellow fever epidemic the previous year. She periodically served as official hostess for President Jefferson, who was a widower. As Madison's wife, she became a fixture at soirées, usually wearing a colorful feathered turban and an elegant dress ornamented with jewelry and furs. She may be said to have created the role of First Lady as a political partner of the president, although that label did not come into use until much later. An unpretentious woman, she ate heartily, gambled, rouged her face lavishly, and took snuff. The "Wednesday drawing rooms" that she instituted for the public added to her popularity. She earned the nation's undying gratitude for rescuing a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington in 1814 just ahead of the British troops who put the torch to the White House in the War of 1812.

Madison left Congress in 1797, disgusted by John Jay's treaty with England, which frustrated his program of commercial retaliation against the wartime oppression of U.S. maritime commerce. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 inspired him to draft the Virginia Resolutions of that year, denouncing those statutes as violations of the First Amendment of the Constitution and affirming the right and duty of the states “to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.” Carefully worded to mean less legally than they seemed to threaten, they forced him to spend his octogenarian years combating South Carolina's interpretation of them as a sanction of state power to nullify federal law.

During eight years as Jefferson's secretary of state (1801–09), Madison used the words “The President has decided” so regularly that his own role can be discovered only in foreign archives. British diplomats dealing with Madison encountered “asperity of temper and fluency of expression.” Senators John Adair and Nicholas Gilman agreed in 1806 that he “governed the President,” an opinion held also by French minister Louis-Marie Turreau.

Although he was accused of weakness in dealing with France and England, Madison won the presidency in 1808 by publishing his vigorous diplomatic dispatches. Faced with a senatorial cabal on taking office, he made a senator's lackluster brother, Robert Smith, secretary of state and wrote all important diplomatic letters for two years before replacing him with James Monroe. Although he had fully supported Jefferson's wartime shipping embargo, Madison reversed his predecessor's policy two weeks after assuming the presidency by secretly notifying both Great Britain and France, then at war, that, in his opinion, if the country addressed should stop interfering with U.S. commerce and the other belligerent continued to do so, “Congress will, at the next ensuing session, authorize acts of hostility . . . against the other.”

An agreement with England providing for repeal of its Orders in Council, which limited trade by neutral nations with France, collapsed because the British minister violated his instructions; he concealed the requirements that the United States continue its trade embargo against France, renounce wartime trade with Britain's enemies, and authorize England to capture any U.S. vessel attempting to trade with France. Madison expelled the minister's successor for charging, falsely, that the president had been aware of the violation.

Believing that England was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, Madison proclaimed non intercourse with England on November 2, 1810, and notified France on the same day that this would “necessarily lead to war” unless England stopped its impressment of American seamen and seizure of American goods and vessels. One week earlier, unknown to Congress (in recess) or the public, he had taken armed possession of the Spanish province of West Florida, claimed as part of the Louisiana Purchase. He was reelected in 1812, despite strong opposition and the vigorous candidacy of DeWitt Clinton.

With his actions buried in secrecy, Federalists and politicians pictured Madison as a timorous pacifist dragged into the War of 1812 (1812–15) by congressional War Hawks, and they denounced the conflict as "Mr. Madison's War." In fact, the president had sought peace but accepted war as inevitable. As wartime commander in chief he was hampered by the refusal of Congress to heed pleas for naval and military development and made the initial error of entrusting army command to aging veterans of the Revolution. The small U.S. Navy sparkled, but on land defeat followed defeat.

By 1814, however, Madison had lowered the average age of generals from 60 to 36 years; victories resulted, ending a war the principal cause of which had been removed by revocation of the Orders in Council the day before the conflict began. Contemporary public opinion in the United States, Canada, England, and continental Europe proclaimed the result a U.S. triumph. Still the country would never forget the ignominy of the president and his wife having to flee in the face of advancing British troops bent on laying waste Washington, D.C., including setting afire the executive mansion, the Capitol, and other public buildings.

The Federalist Party was killed by its sedition in opposing the war, and the president was lifted to a pinnacle of popularity. Madison's greatest fault was delay in discharging incompetent subordinates, including Secretary of War John Armstrong, who had scoffed at the president's repeated warnings of a coming British attack on Washington and ignored presidential orders for its defense.

On leaving the presidency, Madison was eulogized at a Washington mass meeting for having won national power and glory “without infringing a political, civil, or religious right.” Even in the face of sabotage of war operations by New England Federalists, he had lived up to the maxim he laid down in 1793 when he had said:

"If we advert to the nature of republican government we shall find that the censorial power is in the people over the government, and not in the government over the people."

Never again leaving Virginia, Madison managed his 5,000-acre farm for 19 years, cultivating the land by methods regarded today as modern innovations. As president of the Albemarle Agricultural Society, he warned that human life might be wiped out by upsetting the balance of nature, including invisible organisms. He hated slavery, which held him in its economic chains, and worked to abolish it through government purchase of slaves and their resettlement in Liberia, financed by sale of public lands. When his personal valet ran away in 1792 and was recaptured—a situation that usually meant sale into the yellow-fever-infested West Indies—Madison set him free and hired him. Another slave managed one-third of the Montpelier farmlands during Madison's years in federal office.

Madison participated in Jefferson's creation of the University of Virginia (1819) and later served as its rector. Excessive hospitality, chronic agricultural depression, the care of aged slaves, and the squandering of $40,000 by and on a wayward stepson made him land-poor in old age. His last years were spent in bed; he was barely able to bend his rheumatic fingers, which nevertheless turned out an endless succession of letters and articles combating nullification and secession—the theme of his final “Advice to My Country.” Henry Clay called him, after George Washington, “our greatest statesman.”

James married Dorothea "Dolley" Payne-[18370] [MRIN:6254], daughter of John Payne-[20116] and Mary Coles-[20117], on 9-15-1794 in Charles Town, Virginia. Dorothea was born on 5-20-1768 in Guilford County, North Carolina and died on 7-12-1849 in Washington D. C. at age 81.

370. Experience Abell-[18390] (Caleb Abell³³³, Robert Abell III³⁰⁵, Frances Cotton²⁸¹, Mary Mainwaring²⁶⁴, Arthur Mainwaring²⁴⁷, Dorothy Corbet²³⁰, Elizabeth Vernon²¹³, Anne Talbot¹⁹⁵, Elizabeth Butler¹⁷², Joan de Beauchamp¹⁵⁵, Joan FitzAlan¹³², Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1674 and died in 1763 at age 89.

371. Col. John Quincy-[18422] (Anna Shepard³³⁴, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1689 and died in 1767 at age 78.

John married Elizabeth Norton-[18423] [MRIN:6283]. Elizabeth was born c1695.

+ 436 F i. Elizabeth Quincy-[18424] was born about 1721 and died on 10-1-1775 in Weymouth, Massachusetts about age 54.

372. Anna Shepard-[18435] (Thomas Shepard³³⁵, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 1-30-1684 and died on 5-7-1735 at age 51.

Anna married Henry Smith-[18436] [MRIN:6288] on 1-9-1704. Henry was born on 1-19-1679 and died on 10-31-1766 at age 87.

373. Elijah Hutchinson-[18347] (Edward Hutchinson³³⁶, Anne Marbury³⁰⁷, Bridget Dryden²⁸³, Elizabeth Cope²⁶⁶, Bridget Raleigh²⁴⁹, Edward Raleigh²³², Sir Edward Raleigh²¹⁵, Elizabeth Greene¹⁹⁷, Sir Thomas Greene IV¹⁷⁴, Mary Talbot¹⁵⁷, Lord Richard de Talbot VII¹³⁴, Pernel Butler¹⁰⁷, Alionore de Bohun⁹³, Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1641 and died in 1717 at age 76.

Elijah married Elizabeth Clarke-[18348] [MRIN:6242] in 1677. Elizabeth was born in 1642 and died in 1713 at age 71.

374. Agnes Munro-[18487] (Janet Cumming³³⁷, Margaret Fraser³⁰⁸, Lady Elizabeth Stewart²⁸⁴, Lady Elizabeth Gordon²⁶⁷, Earl George Gordon²⁵⁰, Margaret Stewart²³³, King James Stuart IV "Iron Belt"²¹⁶, King James Stuart III¹⁹⁸, James Stuart II¹⁷⁶, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

375. Ann Elizabeth Baillie-[18544] (Kenneth Baillie³³⁸, John Baillie³⁰⁹, Jean Mackenzie²⁸⁵, Kenneth Mackenzie²⁶⁸, Alexander Mackenzie²⁵¹, Colin Mackenzie²³⁴, Elizabeth Stewart²¹⁷, Earl John Stewart II¹⁹⁹, John Stewart¹⁸³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Ann married Dr. John Irvine-[18545] [MRIN:6347]. John was born in 1742 and died in 1808 at age 66.

376. Capt. Augustin Washington-[18572] (Mildred Warner³³⁹, Mildred Reade³¹⁰, Col. George Reade²⁸⁶, Mildred Windebank²⁶⁹, Frances Dymoke²⁵², Ann Tailboys²³⁵, Elizabeth Gascoigne²¹⁸, Margaret Percy²⁰⁰, Henry de Percy IX¹⁸⁴, Eleanor de Neville¹⁶¹, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born c1693 in Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 4-12-1743 in Ferry Farm, King George County, Virginia at age 50.

General Notes: Known as Gus. A busy man with his holdings including a 10,000 acre tract in the potomac region. He also ran an iron foundry. He was not involved with family.

Augustin married Mary Ball-[18573] [MRIN:6361], daughter of Joseph Ball-[18691] and Mary Bennett-[18692], on 3-6-1731 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia. Mary was born about 1708 in Lancaster County, Virginia and died on 8-25-1789 in Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania, Virginia about age 81.

441 M i. 1st President George Washington-[18574] was born on 2-11-1732 in Pope's Creek, Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 12-14-1799 in Mt. Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia at age 67.

General Notes: born Feb. 22, 1732, Westmoreland county, Va. [U.S.]
died Dec. 14, 1799, Mt. Vernon

"Father of His Country", American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775–83) and subsequently first president of the United States (1789–97).

Washington's father, Augustine Washington, had gone to school in England, had tasted seafaring life, and then settled down to manage his growing Virginia estates. His mother was Mary Ball, whom Augustine, a widower, had married early the previous year. Washington's paternal lineage had some distinction; an early forebear was described as “gentleman,” Henry VIII later gave the family lands, and its members held various offices. But family fortunes fell with the Puritan revolution in England, and John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, migrated in 1657 to Virginia. The ancestral home at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, is maintained as a Washington memorial. Little definite information exists on any of the line until Augustine. He was an energetic, ambitious man who acquired much land, built mills, took an interest in opening iron mines, and sent his two oldest sons to England for schooling. By his first wife, Jane Butler, he had four children; by his second wife, Mary Ball, he had six. Augustine died April 12, 1743.

Little is known of George Washington's early childhood, spent largely on the Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Virginia. Mason L. Weems's stories of the hatchet and cherry tree and of young Washington's repugnance to fighting are apocryphal efforts to fill a manifest gap. He attended school irregularly from his 7th to his 15th year, first with the local church sexton and later with a schoolmaster named Williams. Some of his schoolboy papers survive. He was fairly well trained in practical mathematics—gauging, several types of mensuration, and such trigonometry as was useful in surveying. He studied geography, possibly had a little Latin, and certainly read some of The Spectator and other English classics. The copybook in which he transcribed, at 14, a set of moral precepts, or Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation, was carefully preserved. His best training, however, was given him by practical men and outdoor occupations, not by books. He mastered tobacco growing and stock raising, and early in his teens he was sufficiently familiar with surveying to plot the fields about him.

At his father's death, the 11-year-old boy became the ward of his eldest half brother, Lawrence, a man of fine character who gave him wise and affectionate care. Lawrence inherited the beautiful estate of Little Hunting Creek, which had been granted to the original settler, John Washington, and which Augustine had done much since 1738 to develop. Lawrence married Anne (Nancy) Fairfax, daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, a cousin and agent of Lord Fairfax and one of the chief proprietors of the region. Lawrence also built a house and named the 2,500-acre holding Mount Vernon in honor of the admiral under whom he had served in the siege of Cartagena. Living there chiefly with Lawrence (though he spent some time near Fredericksburg with his other half brother, Augustine, called Austin), George entered a more spacious and polite world. Anne Fairfax Washington was a woman of charm, grace, and culture; Lawrence had brought from his English school and naval service much knowledge and experience. A valued neighbor and relative, George William Fairfax, whose large estate, Belvoir, was about 4 miles distant, and other relatives by marriage, the Carlyles of Alexandria, helped form George's mind and manners.

The youth turned first to surveying as a profession. Lord Fairfax, a middle-aged bachelor who owned more than 5,000,000 acres in northern Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley, came to America in 1746 to live with his cousin George William at Belvoir and to look after his properties. Two years later he sent to the Shenandoah Valley a party to survey and plot his lands to make regular tenants of the squatters moving in from Pennsylvania. With the official surveyor of Prince William county in charge, Washington went along as assistant. The 16-year-old lad kept a disjointed diary of the trip, which shows skill in observation. He describes the discomfort of sleeping under “one thread Bear blanket with double its Weight of Vermin such as Lice, Fleas & c”; an encounter with an Indian war party bearing a scalp; the Pennsylvania-German emigrants, “as ignorant a set of people as the Indians they would never speak English but when spoken to they speak all Dutch”; and the serving of roast wild turkey on “a Large Chip,” for “as for dishes we had none.”

The following year (1749), aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment as official surveyor of Culpeper county, and for more than two years he was kept almost constantly busy. Surveying not only in Culpeper but also in Frederick and Augusta counties, he made journeys far beyond the Tidewater region into the western wilderness. The experience taught him resourcefulness and endurance and toughened him in both body and mind. Coupled with Lawrence's ventures in land, it also gave him an interest in western development that endured throughout his life. He was always disposed to speculate in western holdings and to view favorably projects for colonizing the West, and he greatly resented the limitations that the crown laid on the westward movement. In 1752 Lord Fairfax determined to take up his final residence in the Shenandoah Valley and settled there in a log hunting lodge, which he called Greenway Court after a Kentish manor of his family's. There Washington was sometimes entertained and had access to a small library that Fairfax had begun accumulating at Oxford.

The years 1751–52 marked a turning point in Washington's life, for they placed him in control of Mount Vernon. Lawrence, stricken by tuberculosis, went to Barbados in 1751 for his health, taking George along. From this sole journey beyond the present borders of the United States, Washington returned with the light scars of an attack of smallpox. In July of the next year, Lawrence died, making George executor and residuary heir of his estate should his daughter, Sarah, die without issue. As she died within two months, Washington at age 20 became head of one of the best Virginia estates. He always thought farming the “most delectable” of pursuits. “It is honorable,” he wrote, “it is amusing, and, with superior judgment, it is profitable.” And, of all the spots for farming, he thought Mount Vernon the best. “No estate in United America,” he assured an English correspondent, “is more pleasantly situated than this.” His greatest pride in later days was to be regarded as the first farmer of the land.

He gradually increased the estate until it exceeded 8,000 acres. He enlarged the house in 1760 and made further enlargements and improvements on the house and its landscaping in 1784–86. He also tried to keep abreast of the latest scientific advances.

For the next 20 years the main background of Washington's life was the work and society of Mount Vernon. He gave assiduous attention to the rotation of crops, fertilization of the soil, and the management of livestock. He had to manage the 18 slaves that came with the estate and others he bought later; by 1760 he paid tithes on 49 slaves—though he strongly disapproved of the institution and hoped for some mode of abolishing it. At the time of his death, more than 300 slaves were housed in the quarters on his property. He had been unwilling to sell slaves lest families be broken up, even though the increase in their numbers placed a burden on him for their upkeep and gave him a larger force of workers than he required, especially after he gave up the cultivation of tobacco. In his will, he bequeathed the slaves in his possession to his wife and ordered that upon her death they be set free, declaring also that the young, the aged, and the infirm among them “shall be comfortably cloathed & fed by my heirs.” Still, this accounted for only about half the slaves on his property. The other half, owned by his wife, were entailed to the Custis estate, so that on her death they were destined to pass to her heirs. However, she freed all the slaves in 1800 after his death.

For diversion Washington was fond of riding, fox hunting, and dancing, of such theatrical performances as he could reach, and of duck hunting and sturgeon fishing. He liked billiards and cards and not only subscribed to racing associations but also ran his own horses in races. In all outdoor pursuits, from wrestling to colt breaking, he excelled. A friend of the 1750s describes him as “straight as an Indian, measuring six feet two inches in his stockings”; as very muscular and broad-shouldered but, though large-boned, weighing only 175 pounds; and as having long arms and legs. His penetrating blue-gray eyes were overhung by heavy brows, his nose was large and straight, and his mouth was large and firmly closed. “His movements and gestures are graceful, his walk majestic, and he is a splendid horseman.” He soon became prominent in community affairs, was an active member and later vestryman of the Episcopal church, and as early as 1755 expressed a desire to stand for the Virginia House of Burgesses.

Traditions of John Washington's feats as Indian fighter and Lawrence Washington's talk of service days helped imbue George with military ambition. Just after Lawrence's death, Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie appointed George adjutant for the southern district of Virginia at £100 a year (November 1752). In 1753 he became adjutant of the Northern Neck and Eastern Shore. Later that year, Dinwiddie found it necessary to warn the French to desist from their encroachments on Ohio Valley lands claimed by the crown. After sending one messenger who failed to reach the goal, he determined to dispatch Washington. On the day he received his orders, October 31, 1753, Washington set out for the French posts. His party consisted of a Dutchman to serve as interpreter, the expert scout Christopher Gist as guide, and four others, two of them experienced traders with the Indians. Theoretically, Great Britain and France were at peace. Actually, war impended, and Dinwiddie's message was an ultimatum: the French must get out or be put out.

The journey proved rough, perilous, and futile. Washington's party left what is now Cumberland, Maryland, in the middle of November and, despite wintry weather and impediments of the wilderness, reached Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Waterford, Pennsylvania, 20 miles south of Lake Erie, without delay. The French commander was courteous but adamant. As Washington reported, his officers “told me, That it was their absolute Design to take possession of the Ohio, and by God they would do it.” Eager to carry this alarming news back, Washington pushed off hurriedly with Gist. He was lucky to have gotten back alive. An Indian fired at them at 15 paces but missed. When they crossed the Allegheny River on a raft, Washington was jerked into the ice-filled stream but saved himself by catching one of the timbers. That night he almost froze in his wet clothing. He reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on January 16, 1754, where he hastily penned a record of the journey. Dinwiddie, who was laboring to convince the crown of the seriousness of the French threat, had it printed, and when he sent it to London, it was reprinted in three different forms.

The enterprising governor forthwith planned an expedition to hold the Ohio country. He made Joshua Fry colonel of a provincial regiment, appointed Washington lieutenant colonel, and set them to recruiting troops. Two agents of the Ohio Company, which Lawrence Washington and others had formed to develop lands on the upper Potomac and Ohio rivers, had begun building a fort at what later became Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dinwiddie, ready to launch into his own war, sent Washington with two companies to reinforce this post. In April 1754 the lieutenant colonel set out from Alexandria with about 160 men at his back. He marched to Cumberland only to learn that the French had anticipated the British blow; they had taken possession of the fort of the Ohio Company and had renamed it Fort Duquesne. Happily, the Indians of the area offered support. Washington struggled cautiously forward to within about 40 miles of the French position and erected his own post at Great Meadows, near what is now Confluence, Pennsylvania. From this base, he made a surprise attack (May 28, 1754) upon an advance detachment of 30 French, killing the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and taking the rest prisoners. The French and Indian War had begun.

Washington at once received promotion to a full colonel and was reinforced, commanding a considerable body of Virginia and North Carolina troops, with Indian auxiliaries. But his attack soon brought the whole French force down upon him. They drove his 350 men into the Great Meadows fort (Fort Necessity) on July 3, besieged it with 700 men, and, after an all-day fight, compelled him to surrender. The construction of the fort had been a blunder, for it lay in a waterlogged creek bottom, was commanded on three sides by forested elevations approaching it closely, and was too far from Washington's supports. The French agreed to let the disarmed colonials march back to Virginia with the honors of war, but they compelled Washington to promise that Virginia would not build another fort on the Ohio for a year and to sign a paper acknowledging responsibility for “l'assassinat” of de Jumonville, a word that Washington later explained he did not rightly understand. He returned to Virginia, chagrined but proud, to receive the thanks of the House of Burgesses and to find that his name had been mentioned in the London gazettes. His remark in a letter to his brother that “I have heard the bullets whistle; and believe me, there is something charming in the sound” was commented on humorously by the author Horace Walpole and sarcastically by King George II.

The arrival of General Edward Braddock and his army in Virginia in February 1755, as part of the triple plan of campaign that called for his advance on Fort Duquesne and in New York Governor William Shirley's capture of Fort Niagara and Sir William Johnson's capture of Crown Point, brought Washington new opportunities and responsibilities. He had resigned his commission in October 1754 in resentment of the slighting treatment and underpayment of colonial officers and particularly because of an untactful order of the British war office that provincial officers of whatever rank would be subordinate to any officer holding the king's commission. But he ardently desired a part in the war; “my inclinations,” he wrote a friend, “are strongly bent to arms.” When Braddock showed appreciation of his merits and invited him to join the expedition as personal aide-de-camp, with the courtesy title of colonel, he therefore accepted. His self-reliance, decision, and masterfulness soon became apparent.

At table he had frequent disputes with Braddock, who, when contractors failed to deliver their supplies, attacked the colonials as supine and dishonest while Washington defended them warmly. His freedom of utterance is proof of Braddock's esteem. Braddock accepted Washington's unwise advice that he divide his army, leaving half of it to come up with the slow wagons and cattle train and taking the other half forward against Fort Duquesne at a rapid pace. Washington was ill with fever during June but joined the advance guard in a covered wagon on July 8, begged to lead the march on Fort Duquesne with his Virginians and Indian allies, and was by Braddock's side when on July 9 the army was ambushed and bloodily defeated.

In this defeat Washington displayed the combination of coolness and determination, the alliance of unconquerable energy with complete poise, that was the secret of so many of his successes. So ill that he had to use a pillow instead of a saddle and that Braddock ordered his body servant to keep special watch over him, Washington was, nevertheless, everywhere at once. At first he followed Braddock as the general bravely tried to rally his men to push either forward or backward, the wisest course the circumstances permitted. Then he rode back to bring up the Virginians from the rear and rallied them with effect on the flank. To him was largely due the escape of the force. His exposure of his person was as reckless as Braddock's, who was fatally wounded on his fifth horse; Washington had two horses shot under him and his clothes cut by four bullets without being hurt. He was at Braddock's deathbed, helped bring the troops back, and was repaid by being appointed, in August 1755, while still only 23 years old, commander of all Virginia troops.

But no part of his later service was conspicuous. Finding that a Maryland captain who held a royal commission would not obey him, he rode north in February 1756 to Boston to have the question settled by the commander in chief in America, Governor Shirley, and, bearing a letter from Dinwiddie, had no difficulty in carrying his point. On his return he plunged into a multitude of vexations. He had to protect a weak, thinly settled frontier nearly 400 miles in length with only some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops, to cope with a legislature unwilling to support him, to meet attacks on the drunkenness and inefficiency of the soldiers, and to endure constant wilderness hardships. It is not strange that in 1757 his health failed and in the closing weeks of that year he was so ill of a “bloody flux” (dysentery) that his physician ordered him home to Mount Vernon.

In the spring of 1758 he had recovered sufficiently to return to duty as colonel in command of all Virginia troops. As part of the grand sweep of several armies organized by British statesman William Pitt, the Elder, General John Forbes led a new advance upon Fort Duquesne. Forbes resolved not to use Braddock's road but to cut a new one west from Raystown, Pennsylvania. Washington disapproved of the route but played an important part in the movement. Late in the autumn the French evacuated and burned Fort Duquesne, and Forbes reared Fort Pitt on the site. Washington, who had just been elected to the House of Burgesses, was able to resign with the honorary rank of brigadier general.

Although his officers expressed regret at the “loss of such an excellent Commander, such a sincere Friend, and so affable a Companion,” he quit the service with a sense of frustration. He had thought the war excessively slow. The Virginia legislature had been niggardly in voting money; the Virginia recruits had come forward reluctantly and had proved of poor quality; Washington had hanged a few deserters and flogged others heavily. Virginia gave him less pay than other colonies offered their troops. Desiring a regular commission such as his half brother Lawrence had held, he applied in vain to the British commander in North America, Lord Loudoun, to make good a promise that Braddock had given him. Ambitious for both rank and honor, he showed a somewhat strident vigor in asserting his desires and in complaining when they were denied. He returned to Mount Vernon somewhat disillusioned.

Immediately on resigning his commission, Washington was married (January 6, 1759) to Martha Dandridge, the widow of Daniel Parke Custis. She was a few months older than he, was the mother of two children living and two dead, and possessed one of the considerable fortunes of Virginia. Washington had met her the previous March and had asked for her hand before his campaign with Forbes. Though it does not seem to have been a romantic love match, the marriage united two harmonious temperaments and proved happy. Martha was a good housewife, an amiable companion, and a dignified hostess. Like many well-born women of the era, she had little formal schooling, and Washington often helped her compose important letters.

Some estimates of the property brought to him by this marriage have been exaggerated, but it did include a number of slaves and about 15,000 acres, much of it valuable for its proximity to Williamsburg. More important to Washington were the two stepchildren, John Parke (“Jacky”) and Martha Parke (“Patsy”) Custis, who at the time of the marriage were six and four, respectively. He lavished great affection and care upon them, worried greatly over Jacky's waywardness, and was overcome with grief when Patsy died just before the Revolution. Jacky died during the war, leaving four children. Washington adopted two of them, a boy and a girl, and even signed his letters to the boy as “your papa.” Himself childless, he thus had a real family.

From the time of his marriage Washington added to the care of Mount Vernon the supervision of the Custis estate at the White House on the York River. As his holdings expanded, they were divided into farms, each under its own overseer; but he minutely inspected operations every day and according to one visitor often pulled off his coat and performed ordinary labor. As he once wrote, “middling land under a man's own eyes, is more profitable than rich land at a distance.” Until the eve of the Revolution he devoted himself to the duties and pleasures of a great landholder, varied by several weeks' attendance every year in the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg. During 1760–74 he was also a justice of the peace for Fairfax county, sitting in court in Alexandria.

In no light does Washington appear more characteristically than as one of the richest, largest, and most industrious of Virginia planters. For six days a week he rose early and worked hard; on Sundays he irregularly attended Pohick Church (16 times in 1760), entertained company, wrote letters, made purchases and sales, and sometimes went fox hunting. In these years he took snuff and smoked a pipe; throughout life he liked Madeira wine and punch. Although wheat and tobacco were his staples, he practiced crop rotation on a three-year or five-year plan. He had his own water-powered flour mill, blacksmith shop, brick and charcoal kilns, carpenters, and masons. His fishery supplied shad, bass, herring, and other catches, salted as food for his slaves. Coopers, weavers, and his own shoemaker turned out barrels, cotton, linen, and woolen goods, and brogans for all needs. In short, his estates, in accordance with his orders to overseers to “buy nothing you can make yourselves,” were largely self-sufficient communities. But he did send large orders to England for farm implements, tools, paint, fine textiles, hardware, and agricultural books and hence was painfully aware of British commercial restrictions.

Washington was an innovative farmer and a responsible landowner. He experimented at breeding cattle, acquired at least one buffalo, with the hope of proving its utility as a meat animal, and kept stallions at stud. He also took pride in a peach and apple orchard.

His care of slaves was exemplary. He carefully clothed and fed them, engaged a doctor for them by the year, generally refused to sell them—“I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species”—and administered correction mildly. They showed so much attachment that few ran away.

He meanwhile played a prominent role in the social life of the Tidewater region. The members of the council and House of Burgesses, a roster of influential Virginians, were all friends. He visited the Byrds of Westover, the Lees of Stratford, the Carters of Shirley and Sabine Hall, and the Lewises of Warner Hall; Mount Vernon often was busy with guests in return. He liked house parties and afternoon tea on the Mount Vernon porch overlooking the grand Potomac; he was fond of picnics, barbecues, and clambakes; and throughout life he enjoyed dancing, frequently going to Alexandria for balls. Cards were a steady diversion, and his accounts record sums lost at them, the largest reaching nearly £10. His diary sometimes states that in bad weather he was “at home all day, over cards.” Billiards was a rival amusement. Not only the theatre, when available, but also concerts, cockfights, circuses, puppet shows, and exhibitions of animals received his patronage.

He insisted on the best clothes—coats, laced waistcoats, hats, colored silkhose—bought in London. The Virginia of the Randolphs, Corbins, Harrisons, Tylers, Nicholases, and other prominent families had an aristocratic quality, and Washington liked to do things in a large way. It has been computed that in the seven years prior to 1775, Mount Vernon had 2,000 guests, most of whom stayed to dinner if not overnight.

Washington's contented life was interrupted by the rising storm in imperial affairs. The British ministry, facing a heavy postwar debt, high home taxes, and continued military costs in America, decided in 1764 to obtain revenue from the colonies. Up to that time, Washington, though regarded by associates, in Colonel John L. Peyton's words, as “a young man of an extraordinary and exalted character,” had shown no signs of personal greatness and few signs of interest in state affairs. The Proclamation of 1763 interdicting settlement beyond the Alleghenies irked him, for he was interested in the Ohio Company, the Mississippi Company, and other speculative western ventures. He nevertheless played a silent part in the House of Burgesses and was a thoroughly loyal subject.

But he was present when Patrick Henry introduced his resolutions against the Stamp Act in May 1765 and shortly thereafter gave token of his adherence to the cause of the colonial Whigs against the Tory ministries of England. In 1768 he told George Mason at Mount Vernon that he would take his musket on his shoulder whenever his country called him. The next spring, on April 4, 1769, he sent Mason the Philadelphia nonimportation resolutions with a letter declaring that it was necessary to resist the strokes of “our lordly masters” in England; that, courteous remonstrances to Parliament having failed, he wholly endorsed the resort to commercial warfare; and that as a last resort no man should scruple to use arms in defense of liberty. When, the following May, the royal governor dissolved the House of Burgesses, he shared in the gathering at the Raleigh, North Carolina, tavern that drew up nonimportation resolutions, and he went further than most of his neighbors in adhering to them. At that time and later he believed with most Americans that peace need not be broken.

Late in 1770 he paid a land-hunting visit to Fort Pitt, where George Croghan was maturing his plans for the proposed 14th colony of Vandalia. Washington directed his agent to locate and survey 10,000 acres adjoining the Vandalia tract, and at one time he wished to share in certain of Croghan's schemes. But the Boston Tea Party of December 1773 and the bursting of the Vandalia bubble at about the same time turned his eyes back to the East and the threatening state of Anglo-American relations. He was not a member of the Virginia committee of correspondence formed in 1773 to communicate with other colonies, but when the Virginia legislators, meeting irregularly again at the Raleigh tavern in May 1774, called for a Continental Congress, he was present and signed the resolutions. Moreover, he was a leading member of the first provincial convention or revolutionary legislature late that summer, and to that body he made a speech that was much praised for its pithy eloquence, declaring that “I will raise one thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, and march myself at their head for the relief of Boston.”

The Virginia provincial convention promptly elected Washington one of the seven delegates to the first Continental Congress. He was by this time known as a radical rather than a moderate, and in several letters of the time he opposed a continuance of petitions to the British crown, declaring that they would inevitably meet with a humiliating rejection. “Shall we after this whine and cry for relief when we have already tried it in vain?” he wrote. When the Congress met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, he was in his seat in full uniform, and his participation in its councils marks the beginning of his national career.

His letters of the period show that, while still utterly opposed to the idea of independence, he was determined never to submit “to the loss of those valuable rights and privileges, which are essential to the happiness of every free State, and without which life, liberty, and property are rendered totally insecure.” If the ministry pushed matters to an extremity, he wrote, “more blood will be spilled on this occasion than ever before in American history.” Though he served on none of the committees, he was a useful member, his advice being sought on military matters and weight being attached to his advocacy of a nonexportation as well as nonimportation agreement. He also helped to secure approval of the Suffolk Resolves, which looked toward armed resistance as a last resort and did much to harden the king's heart against America.

Returning to Virginia in November, he took command of the volunteer companies drilling there and served as chairman of the Committee of Safety in Fairfax county. Although the province contained many experienced officers and Colonel William Byrd of Westover had succeeded Washington as commander in chief, the unanimity with which the Virginia troops turned to Washington was a tribute to his reputation and personality; it was understood that Virginia expected him to be its general. He was elected to the second Continental Congress at the March 1775 session of the legislature and again set out for Philadelphia.

The choice of Washington as commander in chief of the military forces of all the colonies followed immediately upon the first fighting, though it was by no means inevitable and was the product of partly artificial forces. The Virginia delegates differed upon his appointment. Edmund Pendleton was, according to John Adams, “very full and clear against it,” and Washington himself recommended General Andrew Lewis for the post. It was chiefly the fruit of a political bargain by which New England offered Virginia the chief command as its price for the adoption and support of the New England army. This army had gathered hastily and in force about Boston immediately after the clash of British troops and American minutemen at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. When the second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, one of its first tasks was to find a permanent leadership for this force. On June 15, Washington, whose military counsel had already proved invaluable on two committees, was nominated and chosen by unanimous vote. Beyond the considerations noted, he owed being chosen to the facts that Virginia stood with Massachusetts as one of the most powerful colonies; that his appointment would augment the zeal of the Southern people; that he had gained an enduring reputation in the Braddock campaign; and that his poise, sense, and resolution had impressed all the delegates. The scene of his election, with Washington darting modestly into an adjoining room and John Hancock flushing with jealous mortification, will always impress the historical imagination; so also will the scene of July 3, 1775, when, wheeling his horse under an elm in front of the troops paraded on Cambridge common, he drew his sword and took command of the army investing Boston. News of Bunker Hill had reached him before he was a day's journey from Philadelphia, and he had expressed confidence of victory when told how the militia had fought. In accepting the command, he refused any payment beyond his expenses and called upon “every gentleman in the room” to bear witness that he disclaimed fitness for it. At once he showed characteristic decision and energy in organizing the raw volunteers, collecting provisions and munitions, and rallying Congress and the colonies to his support.

The first phase of Washington's command covered the period from July 1775 to the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776. In those eight months he imparted discipline to the army, which at maximum strength slightly exceeded 20,000; he dealt with subordinates who, as John Adams said, quarreled “like cats and dogs”; and he kept the siege vigorously alive. Having himself planned an invasion of Canada by Lake Champlain, to be entrusted to General Philip Schuyler, he heartily approved of Benedict Arnold's proposal to march north along the Kennebec River in Maine and take Quebec. Giving Arnold 1,100 men, he instructed him to do everything possible to conciliate the Canadians. He was equally active in encouraging privateers to attack British commerce. As fast as means offered, he strengthened his army with ammunition and siege guns, having heavy artillery brought from Fort Ticonderoga, New York, over the frozen roads early in 1776. His position was at first precarious, for the Charles River pierced the center of his lines investing Boston. If the British general, Sir William Howe, had moved his 20 veteran regiments boldly up the stream, he might have pierced Washington's army and rolled either wing back to destruction. But all the generalship was on Washington's side. Seeing that Dorchester Heights, just south of Boston, commanded the city and harbor and that Howe had unaccountably failed to occupy it, he seized it on the night of March 4, 1776, placing his Ticonderoga guns in position. The British naval commander declared that he could not remain if the Americans were not dislodged, and Howe, after a storm disrupted his plans for an assault, evacuated the city on March 17. He left 200 cannons and invaluable stores of small arms and munitions. After collecting his booty, Washington hurried south to take up the defense of New York.

Washington had won the first round, but there remained five years of the war, during which the American cause was repeatedly near complete disaster. It is unquestionable that Washington's strength of character, his ability to hold the confidence of army and people and to diffuse his own courage among them, his unremitting activity, and his strong common sense constituted the chief factors in achieving American victory. He was not a great tactician: as Jefferson said later, he often “failed in the field”; he was sometimes guilty of grave military blunders, the chief being his assumption of a position on Long Island, New York, in 1776 that exposed his entire army to capture the moment it was defeated. At the outset he was painfully inexperienced, the wilderness fighting of the French war having done nothing to teach him the strategy of maneuvering whole armies. One of his chief faults was his tendency to subordinate his own judgment to that of the generals surrounding him; at every critical juncture, before Boston, before New York, before Philadelphia, and in New Jersey, he called a council of war and in almost every instance accepted its decision. Naturally bold and dashing, as he proved at Trenton, Princeton, and Germantown, he repeatedly adopted evasive and delaying tactics on the advice of his associates; however, he did succeed in keeping a strong army in existence and maintaining the flame of national spirit. When the auspicious moment arrived, he planned the rapid movements that ended the war.

One element of Washington's strength was his sternness as a disciplinarian. The army was continually dwindling and refilling, politics largely governed the selection of officers by Congress and the states, and the ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-paid forces were often half-prostrated by sickness and ripe for mutiny. Troops from each of the three sections, New England, the middle states, and the South, showed a deplorable jealousy of the others. Washington was rigorous in breaking cowardly, inefficient, and dishonest men and boasted in front of Boston that he had “made a pretty good sort of slam among such kind of officers.” Deserters and plunderers were flogged, and Washington once erected a gallows 40 feet (12 meters) high, writing, “I am determined if I can be justified in the proceeding, to hang two or three on it, as an example to others.” At the same time, the commander in chief won the devotion of many of his men by his earnestness in demanding better treatment for them from Congress. He complained of their short rations, declaring once that they were forced to “eat every kind of horse food but hay.”

The darkest chapter in Washington's military leadership was opened when, reaching New York in April 1776, he placed half his army, about 9,000 men, under Israel Putnam, on the perilous position of Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, where a British fleet in the East River might cut off their retreat. He spent a fortnight in May with the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, then discussing the question of independence; though no record of his utterances exists, there can be no doubt that he advocated complete separation. His return to New York preceded but slightly the arrival of the British army under Howe, which made its main encampment on Staten Island until its whole strength of nearly 30,000 could be mobilized. On August 22, 1776, Howe moved about 20,000 men across to Gravesend Bay on Long Island. Four days later, sending the fleet under command of his brother Admiral Richard Howe to make a feint against New York City, he thrust a crushing force along feebly protected roads against the American flank. The patriots were outmaneuvered, defeated, and suffered a total loss of 5,000 men, of whom 2,000 were captured. Their whole position might have been carried by storm, but, fortunately for Washington, General Howe delayed. While the enemy lingered, Washington succeeded under cover of a dense fog in ferrying the remaining force across the East River to Manhattan,where he took up a fortified position. The British, suddenly landing on the lower part of the island, drove back the Americans in a clash marked by disgraceful cowardice on the part of troops from Connecticut and others. In a series of actions, Washington was forced northward, more than once in danger of capture, until the loss of his two Hudson River forts, one of them with 2,600 men, compelled him to retreat from White Plains across the river into New Jersey. He retired toward the Delaware River while his army melted away, until it seemed that armed resistance to the British was about to expire.

It was at this darkest hour of the Revolution that Washington struck his brilliant blows at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey, reviving the hopes and energies of the nation. Howe, believing that the American army soon would dissolve totally, retired to New York, leaving strong forces in Trenton and Burlington. Washington, at his camp west of the Delaware, planned a simultaneous attack on both posts, using his whole command of 6,000 men. But his subordinates in charge of both wings failed him, and he was left on the night of December 25, 1776, to march on Trenton with about 2,400 men. He completely surprised the unprepared Hessians and after confused street fighting killed the commander, Johann Rall, and captured nearly 1,000 prisoners, and arms and ammunition. The immediate result was that General Charles Cornwallis hastened with about 8,000 men to Trenton, where he found Washington strongly posted behind the Assunpink Creek, skirmished with him, and decided to wait overnight “to bag the old fox.”

During the night, the wind shifted, the roads froze hard, and Washington was able to steal away from camp (leaving his fires deceptively burning), march around Cornwallis's rear, and fall at daybreak upon the three British regiments at Princeton. These were put to flight with a loss of 500 men, and Washington escaped with more captured munitions to a strong position at Morristown, New Jersey. The effect of these victories heartened all Americans, brought recruits flocking to camp in the spring, and encouraged foreign sympathizers with the American cause.

Thus far the important successes had been won by Washington; then they fell to others, while he was left to face popular apathy, military cabals, and the disaffection of Congress. The year 1777 was marked by the British capture of Philadelphia and the surrender of British General John Burgoyne's invading army to General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York, followed by intrigues to displace Washington from his command. Howe's main British army of 18,000 left New York by sea on July 23, 1777, and landed on August 25 in Maryland, not far below Philadelphia. Washington, despite his inferiority of force—he had only 11,000 men, mostly militia and, in the Marquis de Lafayette's words, “badly armed and worse clothed”—risked a pitched battle on September 11 at the fords of Brandywine Creek, about 13 miles north of Wilmington, Delaware. While part of the British force held the Americans engaged, General Cornwallis, with the rest, made a secret 17-mile detour and fell with crushing effect on the American right and rear, the result being a complete defeat from which Washington was fortunate to extricate his army in fairly good order. For a time he hoped to hold the Schuylkill Fords, but the British passed them and on September 26 triumphantly marched into Philadelphia. Congress fled to the interior of Pennsylvania, and Washington, after an unsuccessful effort to repeat his stroke at Trenton against the British troops posted at Germantown, had to take up winter quarters at Valley Forge. His army, twice beaten, ill housed, and ill fed, with thousands of men “barefoot and otherwise naked,” was at the point of exhaustion; it could not keep the field, for inside of a month it would have disappeared. Under these circumstances, there is nothing that better proves the true fibre of Washington's character and the courage of his soul than the unyielding persistence with which he held his strong position at Valley Forge through a winter of semi-starvation, of justified grumbling by his men, of harsh public criticism, and of captious meddling by a Congress that was too weak to help him. In February Martha Washington arrived and helped to organize entertainment for the soldiers.

Washington's enemies seized the moment of his greatest weakness to give vent to an antagonism that had been nourished by sectional jealousies of North against South, by the ambition of small rivals, and by baseless accusations that he showed favoritism to such foreigners as Lafayette. The intrigues of Thomas Conway, an Irish adventurer who had served in the French army and had become an American general, enlisted Thomas Mifflin, Charles Lee, Benjamin Rush, and others in an attempt to displace Washington. General Gates appears to have been a tool of rather than a party to the plot, expecting that the chief command would devolve upon himself. A faction of Congress sympathized with the movement and attempted to paralyze Washington by reorganizing the board of war, a body vested with the general superintendence of operations, of which Gates became the president; his chief of staff, James Wilkinson, the secretary; and Mifflin and Timothy Pickering, members. Washington was well aware of the hostility in congress, of the slanders spread by Rush and James Lovell of Massachusetts, and of the effect of forgeries published in the American press by adroit British agents. He realized the intense jealousy of many New Englanders, which made even John Adams write his wife that he was thankful Burgoyne had not been captured by Washington, who would then “have been deified. It is bad enough as it is.” But Washington decisively crushed the cabal: after the loose tongue of Wilkinson disclosed Conway's treachery, Washington sent the general on November 9, 1777, proof of his knowledge of the whole affair.

With the conclusion of the French alliance in the spring of 1778, the aspect of the war was radically altered. The British army in Philadelphia, fearing that a French fleet would blockade the Delaware while the militia of New Jersey and Pennsylvania invested the city, hastily retreated upon New York City. Washington hoped to cut off part of the enemy and by a hurried march with six brigades interposed himself at the end of June between Sir Henry Clinton (who had succeeded Howe) and the New Jersey coast. The result was the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, where a shrewd strategic plan and vigorous assault were brought to naught by the treachery of Charles Lee. When Lee ruined the attack by a sudden order to retreat, Washington hurried forward, fiercely denounced him, and restored the line, but the golden opportunity had been lost. The British made good their march to Sandy Hook, and Washington took up his quarters at New Brunswick. Lee was arrested, court-martialed, and convicted on all three of the charges made against him; but instead of being shot, as he deserved, he was sentenced to a suspension from command for one year. The arrival of the French fleet under Admiral Charles-Hector Estaing on July 1778 completed the isolation of the British, and Clinton was thenceforth held to New York City and the surrounding area. Washington made his headquarters in the highlands of the Hudson and distributed his troops in cantonments around the city and in New Jersey.

The final decisive stroke of the war, the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown, is to be credited chiefly to Washington's vision. With the domestic situation intensely gloomy early in 1781, he was hampered by the feebleness of Congress, the popular discouragement, and the lack of prompt and strong support by the French fleet. A French army under the Comte de Rochambeau had arrived to reinforce him in 1780, and he had pressed Admiral de Grasse to assist in an attack upon either Cornwallis in the south or Clinton in New York. In August the French admiral sent definite word that he preferred the Chesapeake, with its large area and deep water, as the scene of his operations; and within a week, on August 19, 1781, Washington marched south with his army, leaving General William Heath with 4,000 men to hold West Point. He hurried his troops through New Jersey, embarked them on transports in Delaware Bay, and landed them at Williamsburg, Virginia, where he had arrived on September 14. Cornwallis had retreated to Yorktown and entrenched his army of 7,000 British regulars. Their works were completely invested before the end of the month; the siege was pressed with vigor by the allied armies under Washington, consisting of 5,500 Continentals, 3,500 Virginia militia, and 5,000 French regulars; and on October 19 Cornwallis surrendered. By this campaign, probably the finest single display of Washington's generalship, the war was brought to a virtual close.

Washington remained during the winter of 1781–82 with the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, exhorting it to maintain its exertions for liberty and to settle the army's claims for pay. He continued these exhortations after he joined his command at Newburgh on the Hudson in April 1782. He was astounded and angered when some loose camp suggestions found expression in a letter from Colonel Lewis Nicola offering a plan by which he should use the army to make himself king. He blasted the proposal with fierce condemnation. When the discontent of his unpaid men came to a head in the circulation of the “Newburgh Address” early in 1783, he issued a general order censuring the paper and at a meeting of officers on March 15 read a speech admonishing the army to obey Congress and promising his best efforts for a redress of grievances. He was present at the entrance of the American army into New York on the day of the British evacuation, November 25, 1783, and on December 4 took leave of his closest officers in an affecting scene at Fraunces Tavern. Traveling south, on December 23, in a solemn ceremonial immortalized by the pen of William Makepeace Thackeray, he resigned his commission to the Continental Congress in the state senate chamber of Maryland in Annapolis and received the thanks of the nation. His accounts of personal expenditures during his service, kept with minute exactness in his own handwriting and totaling £24,700, without charge for salary, had been given the controller of the treasury to be discharged. Washington left Annapolis at sunrise of December 24 and before nightfall was at home in Mount Vernon.

In the next four years Washington found sufficient occupation in his estates, wishing to close his days as a gentleman farmer and to give to agriculture as much energy and thought as he had to the army. He enlarged the Mount Vernon house; he laid out the grounds anew, with sunken walls, or ha-has; and he embarked on experiments with mahogany, palmetto, pepper, and other foreign trees, and English grasses and grains. His farm manager during the Revolution, a distant relative named Lund Washington, retired in 1785 and was succeeded by a nephew, Major George Augustine Washington, who resided at Mount Vernon until his death in 1792. Washington's losses during the war had been heavy, caused by neglect of his lands, stoppage of exportation, and depreciation of paper money, which cost him hardly less than $30,000. He then attempted successfully to repair his fortunes, his annual receipts from all his estates being from $10,000 to $15,000 a year. In 1784 he made a tour of nearly 700 miles to view the wild lands he owned to the westward, Congress having made him a generous grant. As a national figure, he was constrained to offer hospitality to old army friends, visitors from other states and nations, diplomats, and Indian delegations, and he and his household seldom sat down to dinner alone.

Viewing the chaotic political condition of the United States after 1783 with frank pessimism and declaring (May 18, 1786) that “something must be done, or the fabric must fall, for it is certainly tottering,” Washington repeatedly wrote his friends urging steps toward “an indissoluble union.” At first he believed that the Articles of Confederation might be amended. Later, especially after the shock of Shays's Rebellion, he took the view that amore radical reform was necessary but doubted as late as the end of 1786 that the time was ripe. His progress toward adoption of the idea of a federal convention was, in fact, puzzlingly slow. Although John Jay assured him in March 1786 that breakup of the nation seemed near and opinion for a constitutional convention was crystallizing, Washington remained noncommittal. But, despite long hesitations, he earnestly supported the proposal for a federal impost, warning the states that their policy must decide “whether the Revolution must ultimately be considered a blessing or a curse.” And his numerous letters to the leading men of the country assisted greatly to form a sentiment favorable to a more perfect union. Some understanding being necessary between Virginia and Maryland regarding the navigation of the Potomac, commissioners from the two states had met at Mount Vernon in the spring of 1785; from this seed sprang the federal convention. Washington approved in advance the call for a gathering of all the states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to “render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union.” But he was again hesitant about attending, partly because he felt tired and infirm, partly because of doubts about the outcome. Although he hoped to the last to be excused, he was chosen one of Virginia's five delegates.

Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 13, the day before the opening of the Constitutional Convention, and as soon as a quorum was obtained he was unanimously chosen its president. For four months he presided over the convention, breaking his silence only once upon a minor question of congressional apportionment. Although he said little in debate, no one did more outside the hall to insist on stern measures. “My wish is,” he wrote, “that the convention may adopt no temporizing expedients, but probe the defects of the Constitution to the bottom, and provide a radical cure.” His weight of character did more than any other single force to bring the convention to an agreement and obtain ratification of the instrument afterward. He did not believe it perfect, though his precise criticisms of it are unknown. But his support gave it victory in Virginia, where he sent copies to Patrick Henry and other leaders with a hint that the alternative to adoption was anarchy, declaring that “it or dis-union is before us to chuse from.” He received and personally circulated copies of The Federalist. When ratification was obtained, he wrote to leaders in the various states urging that men staunchly favorable to it be elected to Congress. For a time he sincerely believed that, the new framework completed, he would be allowed to retire again to privacy. But all eyes immediately turned to him for the first president. He alone commanded the respect of both the parties engendered by the struggle over ratification, and he alone would be able to give prestige to the republic throughout Europe. In no state was any other name considered. The electors chosen in the first days of 1789 cast a unanimous vote for him, and reluctantly—for his love of peace, his distrust of his own abilities, and his fear that his motives in advocating the new government might be misconstrued all made him unwilling—he accepted.

On April 16, after receiving congressional notification of the honor, he set out from Mount Vernon, reaching New York City in time to be inaugurated on April 30. His journey northward was a celebratory procession as people in every town and village through which he passed turned out to greet him, often with banners and speeches, and in some places with triumphal arches. He came across the Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white, and blue. The inaugural ceremony was performed on Wall Street, near the spot now marked by John Quincy Adams Ward's statue of Washington. A great crowd broke into cheers as, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall, he took the oath administered by Chancellor Robert Livingston and retired indoors to read Congress his inaugural address. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts.

Martha was as reluctant as her husband to resume public life. But a month later she came from Mount Vernon to join him. She, too, was greeted wildly on her way. And when Washington crossed the Hudson to bring her to Manhattan, guns boomed in salute. The Washington's, to considerable public criticism, traveled about in a coach-and-four like monarchs. Moreover, during his presidency, Washington did not shake hands, and he met his guests on state occasions while standing on a raised platform and displaying a sword on his hip. Slowly, feeling his way, Washington was defining the style of the first president of a country in the history of the world. The people, too, were adjusting to a government without a king. Even the question of how to address a president had to be discussed. It was decided that in a republic the simple salutation “Mr. President” would do.

Washington's administration of the government in the next eight years was marked by the caution, the methodical precision, and the sober judgment that had always characterized him. He regarded himself as standing aloof from party divisions and emphasized his position as president of the whole country by touring first through the Northern states and later through the Southern. A painstaking inquiry into all the problems confronting the new nation laid the basis for a series of judicious recommendations to Congress in his first message. In selecting the four members of his first cabinet, Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general, Washington balanced the two parties evenly. But he leaned with especial weight upon Hamilton, who supported his scheme for the federal assumption of state debts, took his view that the bill establishing the Bank of the United States was constitutional, and in general favored strengthening the authority of the federal government. Distressed when the inevitable clash between Jefferson and Hamilton arose, he tried to keep harmony, writing frankly to each and refusing to accept their resignations.

But when war was declared between France and England in 1793, he took Hamilton's view that the United States should completely disregard the treaty of alliance with France and pursue a course of strict neutrality, while he acted decisively to stop the improper operations of the French minister, Edmond-Charles Genet. He had a firm belief that the United States must insist on its national identity, strength, and dignity. His object, he wrote, was to keep the country “free from political connections with every other country, to see them independent of all, and under the influence of none. In a word, I want an American character that the powers of Europe may be convinced that we act for ourselves, and not for others.” The sequel was the resignation of Jefferson at the close of 1793, the two men parting on good terms and Washington praising Jefferson's “integrity and talents.” The suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 by federal troops whom Hamilton led in person and the dispatch of John Jay to conclude a treaty of commerce with Great Britain tended further to align Washington with the federalists. Although the general voice of the people compelled him to acquiesce reluctantly to a second term in 1792 and his election that year was again unanimous, during his last four years in office he suffered from a fierce personal and partisan animosity. This culminated when the publication of the terms of the Jay Treaty, which Washington signed in August 1795, provoked a bitter discussion, and the House of Representatives called upon the president for the instructions and correspondence relating to the treaty. These Washington, who had already clashed with the Senate on foreign affairs, refused to deliver, and, in the face of an acrimonious debate, he firmly maintained his position.

Early in his first term, Washington, who by education and natural inclination was minutely careful of the proprieties of life, established the rules of a virtual republican court. In both New York and Philadelphia he rented the best houses procurable, refusing to accept the hospitality of George Clinton, for he believed the head of the nation should be no man's guest. He returned no calls and shook hands with no one, acknowledging salutations by a formal bow. He drove in a coach drawn by four or six smart horses, with outriders and lackeys in rich livery. He attended receptions dressed in a black velvet suit with gold buckles, with yellow gloves, powdered hair, a cocked hat with an ostrich plume in one hand, and a sword in a white leather scabbard. After being overwhelmed by callers, he announced that, except for a weekly levee open to all, persons desiring to see him had to make previous engagements. On Friday afternoons the first lady held informal receptions, at which the president appeared. Although the presidents of the Continental Congress had made their tables partly public, Washington, who entertained largely, inviting members of Congress in rotation, insisted that his hospitality be private. He served good wines and the menus were elaborate, but such visitors as Pennsylvania Senator William Maclay complained that the atmosphere was too “solemn.” Indeed, his simple ceremony offended many of the more radical anti-federalists, who did not share his sense of its fitness and accused the president of conducting himself like a king. But his cold and reserved manner was caused by native diffidence rather than any excessive sense of dignity.

Earnestly desiring leisure, feeling a decline of his physical powers, and wincing under abuses of the opposition, Washington refused to yield to the general pressure for a third term. This refusal was blended with a testament of sagacious advice to his country in the Farewell Address of September 19, 1796, written largely by Hamilton but remolded by Washington and expressing his ideas. Retiring in March 1797 to Mount Vernon, he devoted himself for the last two and a half years of his life to his family, farm operations, and care of his slaves. In 1798 his seclusion was briefly interrupted when the prospect of war with France caused his appointment as commander in chief of the provisional army, and he was much worried by the political quarrels over high commissions; but the war cloud passed away.

On December 12, 1799, after riding on horseback for several hours in cold and snow, he returned home exhausted and was attacked late the next day with quinsy or acute laryngitis. He was bled heavily four times and given gargles of “molasses, vinegar and butter,” and a blister of cantharides (a preparation of dried beetles) was placed on his throat, his strength meanwhile rapidly sinking. He faced the end with characteristic serenity, saying, “I die hard, but I am not afraid to go,” and later: “I feel myself going. I thank you for your attentions; but I pray you to take no more trouble about me. Let me go off quietly. I cannot last long.” After giving instructions to his secretary, Tobias Lear, about his burial, he died at 10:00 PM on December 14. The news of his death placed the entire country in mourning, and the sentiment of the country endorsed the famous words of Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”) Lee, embodied in resolutions that John Marshall introduced in the House of Representatives, that he was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” When the news reached Europe, the British channel fleet and the armies of Napoleon paid tribute to his memory, and many of the leaders of the time joined in according him a preeminent place among the heroes of history. His fellow citizens memorialized him forever by naming the newly created capital city of the young nation for him while he was still alive. Later, one of the states of union would bear his name—the only state named for an individual American. Moreover, counties in 32 states were given his name, and in time it also could be found in 121 postal addresses. The people of the United States have continued to glory in knowing him as “the father of his country,” an accolade he was pleased to accept, even though it pained him that he fathered no children of his own. For almost a century beginning in the 1770s, Washington was the uncontested giant in the American pantheon of greats, but only until Abraham Lincoln was enshrined there after another critical epoch in the life of the country.

Summary of Events in George Washington's life:
1. Probably named after George Eskridge who raised George Washington's mother.
2. 6' 2" and about 200 lbs.
3. George adopted his wife's two children from a previous marriage; John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis. John's grandaughter Mary Custis married Robert E. Lee. He had no children of his own.
4. He didn't cut down the cherry tree.
5. Had an irregular education in colonial Virginia. Applied his mathematical skills to learn surveying.
6. Episcopalian.
7. Played billiards, cards, fox hunted and read the newspapers of the day aloud to his wife.
8. Before marriage he courted Betsy Fauntleroy, Mary Philipse, Sally Fairfax.
9. Served in the Virginia Militia generally from 1752-1758 rising to Colonel. Commander in Chief of the Continental Army 1775-1783.
10. Surveyor of Culpepper County, Virginia.
11. House of Burgesses 1759-1774.
12. Delegate to the Continental Congress 1774-1775.
13. Elected twice as President 1789 and 1792.

George married Martha Dandridge-[18575] [MRIN:6362] on 1-6-1759 in St. Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia. Martha was born on 6-21-1731 in New Kent County, Virginia and died on 5-22-1802 in Mt. Vernon, Fairfax County, Virginia at age 70.

General Notes: Martha Dandridge Custis Washington

"I think I am more like a state prisoner than anything else, there is certain bounds set for me which I must not depart from..." So in one of her surviving letters, Martha Washington confided to a niece that she did not entirely enjoy her role as first of First Ladies. She once conceded that "many younger and gayer women would be extremely pleased" in her place; she would "much rather be at home."

But when George Washington took his oath of office in New York City on April 30, 1789, and assumed the new duties of President of the United States, his wife brought to their position a tact and discretion developed over 58 years of life in Tidewater Virginia society.

Oldest daughter of John and Frances Dandridge, she was born June 2, 1731, on a plantation near Williamsburg. Typical for a girl in an 18th-century family, her education was almost negligible except in domestic and social skills, but she learned all the arts of a well-ordered household and how to keep a family contented.

As a girl of 18--about five feet tall, dark-haired, gentle of manner--she married the wealthy Daniel Park Custis. Two babies died; two were hardly past infancy when her husband died in 1757.

From the day Martha married George Washington in 1759, her great concern was the comfort and happiness of her husband and children. When his career led him to the battlegrounds of the Revolutionary War and finally to the Presidency, she followed him bravely. Her love of private life equaled her husband's; but, as she wrote to her friend Mercy Otis Warren, " I cannot blame him for having acted according to his ideas of duty in obeying the voice of his country." As for herself, "I am still determined to be cheerful and happy, in whatever situation I may be; for I have also learned from experience that the greater part of our happiness or misery depends upon our dispositions, and not upon our circumstances."

At the President's House in temporary capitals, New York and Philadelphia, the Washingtons chose to entertain in formal style, deliberately emphasizing the new republic's wish to be accepted as the equal of the established governments of Europe. Still, Martha's warm hospitality made her guests feel welcome and put strangers at ease. She took little satisfaction in " formal compliments and empty ceremonies" and declared that "I am fond of only what comes from the heart." Abigail Adams, who sat at her right during parties and receptions, praised her as "one of those unassuming characters which create Love and Esteem."

In 1797 the Washingtons said farewell to public life and returned to their beloved Mount Vernon, to live surrounded by kinfolk, friends, and a constant stream of guests eager to pay their respects to the celebrated couple. Martha's daughter Patsy had died, her son Jack at 26, but Jack's children figured in the household. After George Washington died in 1799, Martha assured a final privacy by burning their letters; she died of "severe fever" on May 22, 1802. Both lie buried at Mount Vernon, where Washington himself had planned an unpretentious tomb for them.

442 F ii. Betty Washington-[3839] was born in 1733 and died in 1797 at age 64.

443 M iii. Samuel Washington-[18636] was born in 1734 and died in 1781 at age 47.

445 M v. Charles Washington-[18689] was born in 1738 and died in 1799 at age 61.

377. Mary Bland-[13047] (Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 8-21-1704 in Prince George, Virginia and died in 1764 in Virginia at age 60.

General Notes: Left a will dated October 19, 1762; proved May 29, 1764.
SRC: "Ancient Dominion of Virginia". pg 671. History of Virginia Published 1859. See bibliography.

Mary married Col. Henry Lee-[12833] [MRIN:4285], son of Richard Lee-[12823] and Laetitia Corbin-[12824], in 1724 in Prince George County, Virginia. Henry was born in 1691 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, died in 1747 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 56, and was buried in Burnt Housefield, Lee Hall Plantation, Virginia.

447 M i. John Lee-[12888] was born in 1724 in Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1767 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 43.

+ 448 M ii. Richard Lee-[12889] was born in 1726 in Bristol, Virginia and died in 1795 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 69.

449 F iii. Laetitia Lee-[12890] was born in 1730 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1788 in Lancaster County, Virginia at age 58.

+ 450 M iv. Henry Lee-[12885] was born in 1729 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia, died in 1787 in Leesylvania, Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 58, and was buried in Washington D. C..

451 F v. Female Lee-[12884] was born in 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

452 F vi. Anne Lee-[12892] was born in 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

378. Elizabeth Bland-[13048] (Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 5-29-1705 in Prince George City County, Virginia.

Elizabeth married Col. William Beverley-[13049] [MRIN:5254], son of Col. Robert Beverley Jr.-[15817] and Ursula Byrd-[15818]. William was born about 1696 and died on 2-28-1756 about age 60.

General Notes: Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Owned Beverley Manor in Augusta County, Virginia and leased 118,490 acres from the Fairfax family in 1736 for one pound per thousand acres a year. He was Clerk of the County between 1716 and 1745 in Essex County, Virginia; was a member of the Council between 1752 and 1755; left a will on December 3, 1755; proved May 3, 1756. Left a will on 3 dec 1755; proved 3 may 1756.

In the name of God, Amen. I, William Beverley of Blandfield in the parish of St. Ann in the county of Essex, Virginia, Esquire, being in tolerable health and of sound mind & memory do make this my last will and testament in manner and form following:
Imprimis. I do order my executors herein after named to pay all my just debts that I owe to my several creditors.
Item. I do lend unto my dear and loving wife Elizabeth during her natural life and in full consideration of her thirds dower or child’s part of all my estate real and personal and in lieu thereof all my lands and plantations in the county of Essex together with all my slaves, cattle, horses, hogs, and sheep usually kept thereon, and I also give her on the said consideration all my household goods, carts, and tools with corn belonging to the said plantation, also my household goods and plate which I now have in England, also my chair and coach if Mr. Edward Athawes has bought one for me at the time of my death as I have directed him, all this in full consideration as aforesaid.
Item. Whereas I have already given unto my son-in-law James Mills in money & slaves to the value of one thousand pounds sterling, I do therefore give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Elizabeth, now the wife of the said James Mills, and her heirs forever the further sum of five hundred pounds sterling.
Item. I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Ursula, now the wife of William Fitzhugh, and her heirs forever the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, having also paid her said husband the sum of one thousand pounds sterling, memorandum that these legacies are in full of my said two daughters’ marriage portions.
Item. I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Anna Beverley ( ) to be paid her on the day of her marriage or when she comes to the age of twenty-one years, whichever shall first happen, and in the meantime I order that she be maintained out of her brother’s estate.
Item. I do give and bequeath unto my dear son Robert and to his heirs forever, all the rest of my estate both real and personal and the fee simple of the estate above devised to his dear mother, but if she shall happen to depart this life before he shall attain to the age of twenty-one years (which God forbid), then and in such case I give and bequeath unto my daughter Elizabeth Mills and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever all my lands in the counties of King & Queen and Essex, and my lands called Pewmazeno situated lying and being on both sides of the mill pond of the mill commonly called Taliaferro’s Mill in the county of Caroline and now belonging to Thomas Roy and Adam Lindsey, together with one-third of all the Negroes left my wife and son, and all these lands and Negroes are to go to and descend together in manner to my dear daughter Elizabeth as aforesaid, but on expressed condition that she and her heirs shall convey unto my dear daughter Anna all their right and title of in and to my tract of land of four thousand acres called Elkwood, situated in the county of Culpepper which was settled by act of assembly in the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and twenty-two and in the same manner as therein in this my will, shall give it to her, & if my said daughter Mills and her heirs shall refuse to convey it to her as aforesaid then and in such case all the said tracts of land, herein bequeathed to my dear daughter Mills to go to my dear daughter Anna & to descend in the same manner as the other lands will in this my will, be given to her as appointed to go and descend and not otherwise, and then my said dear daughter Mills to have all these lands. I shall give and bequeath to my dear daughter Anna on the same terms as I give and bequeathed in King & Queen, Essex, and Caroline to her. And in case of failure of issue of the body of my said dear daughter Mills lawfully begotten, I give and bequeath all the said lands and slaves to my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever, and on failure of such issue I give and bequeath all the said lands and slaves to my dear daughter Anna and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Item. In case of the death of the death of my dear son Robert as foresaid I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever one-third of all the Negroes left my wife and son and all my lands in the county of Caroline containing about fourteen thousand one hundred and seventy-four acres commonly called Beverley Chance, be the same more or less and my lots in Port Royal and, on failure of such issue, I give the said lands and slaves unto my dear daughter Elizabeth Mills and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Item. In case of the death of the death of my dear son Robert Beverley as foresaid, I give and bequeath unto my dear daughter Anna Beverley and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever one-third part of all my slaves and all my lands in the counties of Culpepper and Prince William and my lots in Falmouth & Fredericksburg and, on failure of such issue, I give the said lands, lots, and slaves to my dear daughter Elizabeth Mills & the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever and, on failure of such issue, I give the said slaves, lands, and lots to my dear daughter Ursula Fitzhugh and to the heirs of her body lawfully begotten forever.
Be it remembered that it is my intention that in all these bequests of slaves to my dear daughter, the increase of them to go, and descend in the several entails as if they had been expressly named.
Item. I desire my executors will buy for each of themselves a pair of good horses fit for coach or chair and charge my estate with their cost.
Item. I desire my executors will send to London for a neat marble tombstone and have it placed over his (Robert Beverley, his father) body at the charge of my estate, he having departed this life at Beverley Park the 21st of April 1722, new style and lies buried there.
Item. It is my desire that my body may be interred as privately as may be without any pomp or funeral sermon.
Item. I do nominate and appoint my well beloved wife and my cousin * friend John Robinson, Esq., of King & Queen, executors of this my last will and testament and guardian of my dear son Robert and my dear daughter Anna. And it is my will and desire that my son may remain under the care of Mr. Edward Athawes of London, merchant, till he thinks proper to send him unto this country. And it is also my intent that my wife is not to make up the loss or decrease of the horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs or other personal estate. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this third day of December in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-five, being all written with my own hand and the several obligations also made by myself.

W. Beverley (L. S.)

Item. My will and desire is and I do empower either of my executors to sell all my lands in Augusta and Isle of Wight and add the proceeds to my personal estate.
Item. If money should be wanted for the payment of my debts and legacies before my crops & rents and other profits of my estate can raise money sufficient for the payment of them, I do hereby empower my executors to borrow enough money for the payment thereof at interest. In testimony whereof I have to this my last will and testament set my hand and seal the day and year first above written.

W. Beverley (L. S.)

Sealed & declared to be the last will and testament of the within named William Beverley by him in the presence of us.

Archibald Ritchie, Ch. Mortimer, John Corrie, James Emerson

At a general court held at the capitol the 3rd day of May 1756. This will was proved according to law by the oaths of John Corrie and James Emerson, witnesses thereto & ordered to be recorded. And, on the motion of John Robinson, Esq., one of the executors therein named who made oath according to law, certificate was granted him for obtaining a probate thereof in due form, giving security whereupon he together with Ralph Wormeley and Bernard Moore, Gent., his securities entered into and acknowledged their bond in the penalty of ten thousand pounds current money conditioned as the law directs, liberty nevertheless being reserved to Elizabeth Beverley, the executrix named in the said will to join in the probate thereof when she shall think fit.

Teste: Ben Waller, C. Cur.

Source: The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Volume XXII, pages 297 – 301, with the following note:
The will of William Beverley of "Blandfield", Essex county, member of the council and patentee of the great Beverley Manor tract in Augusta county has not heretofore been discovered. In the recently published abstracts of the records of Augusta county, by Judge Lyman Chalkley, it was shown that a copy of the will was recorded in a suit in that county. We are indebted to Mr. Armistead C. Gordon of Staunton, a member of the executive committee of the society, for an exact copy. It appears from this that the will was proved in the general court and destroyed by fire with the other records of that court. It is evident that when James Brown, clerk of the general court, made the copy filed in Staunton, that the original record was mutilated as the copy omits the amount of money legacy to Anna Beverley and does not give the name of the person commemorated by the tombstone which is ordered. (By the date, this person must be William’s father, Robert Beverley).

Anna married Col. Robert Munford-[15923] [MRIN:7920], son of Capt. Robert Munford-[15873] and Anna Bland-[15872].

+ 456 F iv. Elizabeth Beverley-[23473] was born on 1-15-1725 in "Blandfield" Essex County, Virginia and died on 10-3-1795 at age 70.

+ 457 M v. Robert Beverley-[23478] was born on 8-21-1740 in "Blandfield" Essex County, Virginia and died on 4-12-1800 at age 59.

379. Theodorick Bland-[34307] (Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 12-2-1708 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in 5-1790 in Amelia County, Virginia at age 81.

General Notes: Resided at "Cawson's" Prince George City County, Virginia; resided at "Kippax" Prince George City County, Virginia; left a will dated July 16, 1783 - proved October 28, 1784.

Theodorick married Elizabeth Randolph-[15975] [MRIN:11628], daughter of Edward Randolph-[15879] and Elizabeth Graves-[15972], about 1759.

Theodorick next married Frances Bolling-[15876] [MRIN:5284], daughter of Capt. Drury Bolling-[15877] and Elizabeth Meriwether-[15926], in 1739. Frances was born in 1724 in Prince George City County, Virginia and died in 1774 at age 50.

460 F i. Elizabeth Bland-[16046] was born on 1-4-1738 and died in 1788 at age 50.

Elizabeth married Col. John Banister-[15939] [MRIN:7983] in 1760. John was born on 12-26-1734 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia and died on 9-30-1788 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia at age 53.

General Notes: BANISTER, John, a Delegate from Virginia; born at “Hatcher’s Run,” near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va., December 26, 1734; attended a private school at Wakefield, England, and was graduated in law from the Temple in London; returned to Virginia and commenced the practice of law in Petersburg; also engaged as a planter; member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765, 1766-1774, and 1775; member of the conventions of 1775 and 1776; served in the State house of delegates in 1776, 1777, and 1781-1783; Member of the Continental Congress in 1778; one of the framers and signers of the Articles of Confederation; during the Revolutionary War served as major and lieutenant colonel of the Virginia Militia; died on his estate, “Hatcher’s Run,” near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va., on September 30, 1788; interment in the family burying ground on his estate.

SRC: Congressional Library

461 M ii. Col. Theodorick Bland-[16043] was born on 3-21-1742 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia, died on 6-2-1790 in New York City, New York at age 48, and was buried in Trinity Churchyard, New York/Reinternment Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D. C..

General Notes: Theodorick Bland was a descendant of Pocahontas on his mother's side. He was sent abroad for schooling and in 1763 graduated from the University of Edinburgh as a medical doctor. Bland practiced medicine in Virginia from 1764 until ill-health forced him to give quit in 1771. After his retirement he became an active patriot and in June 1775 Bland, along with 23 others, helped to removed arms from the governor's palace in Williamsburg. In June 1776 Bland became a Captain in the first troop of Virginia Cavalry, going on to become a Colonel in the 1st Continental Dragoons.

At the Battle of Brandywine Bland commanded light cavalry troops. Bland's cavalry were among the few horseman available to Washington for scouting purposes on the day of the battle. Some blamed the American defeat at Brandywine on Bland's poor scouting abilities, especially Light Horse Harry Lee would held Bland responsible. Some accounts of the battle portray Bland as slow in reporting enemy movements to Washington. Bland had responsibilities covering Washington's right flank where Cornwallis crossed the river and captured a small community before Washington was notified.

Henry Lee summed it up, "Colonel Bland was noble, sensible, honorable, and amiable; but never intended for the department of military intelligence."

Nephew of Richard Bland; uncle of John Randolph of Roanoke; served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War; delegate to Congress from Virginia, 1780-83; at large delegate, 1789-90; died in office 1790.
------------
By the Spring of 1790 many American politicians had cause to worry about the survival of the Union to which they had devoted their careers. Southerners remained angry over their inability to establish the capital on the Potomac and the northern demand that the federal government assume all state debts. Northerners expressed their frustrations openly especially after the House rejected assumption on April 12. This letter was written before that House vote and it should give the reader a feel for the times and concerns of the involved.

Transcript of one of Theodorick Bland's last letters written March 6, 1790 to St. George Tucker.

My dear Sir.
I was yesterday favored with your agreeable letter enclosing two for the Boys which I delivered to them - I have the satisfaction to inform you they are both well - I am myself just risen from a fit of the Gout which attacked me a day or two before the Attorney General left this place, and exerted its utmost violence on my hands, feet and knees and elbows for about ten days it has however spared my head - and I thank God has left that in a Better Situation than it has been for twelve months preceding - so that it is now more than four weeks since I have been obliged to bleed or Cup - thus do I begin to entertain hopes that I shall again enjoy good health - thus much for myself - The federal Councils move with a Slow and Cautious step - but a Politician of no great depth may easily see what it is likely to be the Issue of the Fiscal arrangements of the Present System - Absorption of revenue will Certainly follow Assumption of debt - so that our State governments will have little else to do than to eat drink and be merry - all this I think I foresaw would be the case for how are states to be managed who have not nor ever will make any exertions to pay the debts contracted in a common cause - while the Citizens of others are taxed up to the teeth for that purpose - again Consolidation follows power - power has been given with a liberal hand - how then is consolidation to be with held - some feeble attempts to keeps it back may now be made by those who gave the power - but I see tis in vain it may be a sort of apology for the moments of Liberality but what avails it - I see I must either go with the tide of Power or become again a Rebel - which is the best at my time of life? You wish to have the secretary's budget - it is too large to enclose in a letter - and I have only one which is my Text Book in Congress - But by this time the Atty. Genl & Mr. Blair are arrived and they carried each a copy out to Encompass the Assumption and funding of the State debts of this there were no more copies Struck but sufficient for the members of both houses - it consists of additional Signposts on Pepper Salt Rum Wine Sugar Melasses etc etc. to a little more than one Million - I have enclosed yu the last Paper - tis but a Barren one but may be Interesting to you as you will see the roll of the Regt. of Lawyers enlisted to serve at the federal Bar - I have written an Answer to Mr. Wickham the Lawyer - I wish you wd. ask him to let you look at it - if anything is wanting - I shd be glad you wd point out it to him, which as a party to the Suit I think you may do consistent with yr Character as a Judge - my love to the Boys & Girls and believe me to be yr affect. Friend & Sert.

Theodorick Bland

P.S. we are told her that poor Grayson is so ill on the road that his life despaird of=shd. he die - I mean to become a candidate to be his successor in the Senate - if you can give me a lift with your Honble. Friends in the Executive-Shd. that event take place I shall Esteem it a favor - but do not mention this Subject unless the Event sahd. actually take place.

Theodorick married Martha Dangerfield-[16045] [MRIN:7979]. Martha was born in 1742 and died in 1804 in France at age 62.

+ 462 F iii. Anne Bland-[15927] was born in 1748 in Prince George City County, Virginia.

+ 464 F v. Frances Bland-[15959] was born on 9-24-1752 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died on 1-18-1788 in Matoax, Virginia at age 35.

380. Lt. Richard Bland-[13046] (Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 5-6-1710 and died on 10-26-1776 at age 66.

General Notes: Educated at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. Resided at Jordan's Point, Prince George City County, Virginia. Was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses between 1742 and 1775; was a member of the First Continental Congress in 1775.

Richard married Elizabeth Blair-[15869] [MRIN:5267], daughter of Archibald Blair-[15870] and Sarah Archer-[15871].

Richard next married Anne Pothyress-[12883] [MRIN:4338], daughter of Peter Poythress-[15866] and Unknown, on 3-21-1729. Anne was born in 1712 and died in 1758 at age 46.

+ 466 M i. Richard Bland-[13050] was born on 2-20-1730 and died on 1-25-1786 at age 55.

+ 468 F iii. Anne Bland-[34255] was born on 8-15-1735 and died in 1782 at age 47.

469 M iv. Peter Randolph Bland-[34257] was born on 2-2-1736 and died on 2-16-1781 at age 45.

Peter married Judith Booker-[34258] [MRIN:11609] on 11-26-1761 in Amelia County, Virginia.

+ 470 M v. John Bland-[34259] was born on 10-19-1739 and died in 1777 at age 38.

471 F vi. Mary Bland-[34244] was born on 2-5-1740 and died about 1741 about age 1.

473 M viii. Theodorick Bland-[34251] was born on 9-28-1744 and died in 1754 at age 10.

474 M ix. Edward Bland-[34252] was born on 12-16-1746 and died about 1797 about age 51.

475 F x. Sarah Bland-[34245] was born on 9-30-1750 and died on 5-13-1807 at age 56.

476 F xi. Susan Bland-[34254] was born on 2-20-1752 and died about 1753 about age 1.

Lucy married Jacob Rubsamen-[34250] [MRIN:11606] on 5-31-1780. Jacob died about 5-1792 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.

Richard next married Martha Macon-[15867] [MRIN:4336], daughter of William Macon-[15868] and Unknown, on 1-1-1759.

381. Anna Bland-[15872] (Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 2-25-1712.

Anna married Capt. Robert Munford-[15873] [MRIN:5282], son of Robert Munford-[15922] and Unknown.

Robert married Anna Beverley-[23472] [MRIN:7920], daughter of Col. William Beverley-[13049] and Elizabeth Bland-[13048].

384. Elizabeth Randolph-[16031] (Col. William Randolph Jr.³⁴², Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 10-1715.

Elizabeth married Col. John Chiswell-[16337] [MRIN:5434], son of Charles Chiswell-[16350] and Unknown, in 5-1736 in Williamsburg, Virginia. John died in 10-1766.

General Notes: A metallurgist residing at Scotchtown, Hanover County, Virginia. Member of the House of Burgesses from 1744 - 1758 Virginia.

Susan married John Robinson-[16025] [MRIN:7912], son of John Robinson-[15970] and Catherine Beverley-[15952], on 12-21-1759. John was born on 2-3-1704 in Virginia and died on 5-11-1766 in Virginia at age 62.

385. Col. Peter Randolph-[16034] (Col. William Randolph Jr.³⁴², Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 10-1717 and died in 7-1767 in Chatesworth, Henrico County, Virginia at age 49.

General Notes: Attorney General for Virginia; Clerk of the House of Burgesses; Surveyor General of Customs; Justice in 1741; Treasurer for Virginia in 1751; member of the Council of Virginia 1764.

Peter married Lucy Bolling-[16338] [MRIN:5435], daughter of Robert Bolling-[16351] and Anne Cocke-[16352], in 7-1738. Lucy was born on 5-3-1719.

484 F i. Mary Ann Randolph-[16353] was born in 1747 and died in 1805 at age 58.

Mary married Col. William Fitzhugh-[16357] [MRIN:5442], son of Henry Fitzhugh-[16358] and Lucy Carter-[16359], in 1763.

William married Mary Skipwith-[16360] [MRIN:5444], daughter of Sir William Skipwith-[16361] and Elizabeth Smith-[16362], in 1767.

486 M iii. Gov. Beverley Randolph-[16355] was born in 9-1753 in Chatsworth, Henrico County, Virginia, died in 1797 in "Green Creek", Cumberland County, Virginia at age 44, and was buried in Westview Cemetery, Farmville, Virginia.

General Notes: He was a member of the Council of Virginia; Lt. Governor of Virginia; delegate to the Legislature 1777 to 1780; Commander of Cavalry Regiment in Gen. Lawson's Brigade in 1780; Governor from 1788 to 1791.

Beverley married Martha Cocke-[16363] [MRIN:5446], daughter of James Cocke-[16364] and Catherine Browne-[16365], in 2-1775.

+ 487 M iv. Col. Robert Randolph-[16356] was born in 1760 in Virginia and died on 9-12-1825 in Virginia at age 65.

387. Col. William Randolph-[15979] (Thomas Randolph³⁴³, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1713 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia and died in 9-1745 in Virginia at age 32.

William married Maria Judith Page-[15982] [MRIN:5320], daughter of Mann Page-[16346] and Judith Wormley-[16347], about 1734.

Maria married Edmund Berkeley-[34167] [MRIN:11564], son of Edmund Berkeley-[34168] and Mary Nelson-[34169], on 11-5-1757. Edmund was born on 12-5-1730 and died on 7-8-1802 at age 71.

+ 489 F ii. Mary Randolph-[15984] was born about 1739 in Goochland County, Virginia.

+ 490 M iii. Thomas Mann Randolph-[34238] was born about 1741 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia and died in 1793 about age 52.

389. Judith Randolph-[15981] (Thomas Randolph³⁴³, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Judith married Rev. William Stith-[34173] [MRIN:11569], son of John Stith-[15955] and Mary Randolph-[15953], on 5-17-1738 in Goochland County, VA.

390. Jane Randolph-[15910] (Isham Randolph³⁴⁴, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1720 in London, England and died in 1776 at age 56.

Jane married Col. Peter Jefferson-[15911] [MRIN:5281], son of Thomas Jefferson-[16367] and Mary Field-[16368], on 10-3-1739 in Goochland County, Virginia. Peter was born on 2-29-1708 in Osborne's, Chesterfield, Virginia and died on 8-17-1757 at age 49.

General Notes: Death date per "The History of Albemarle County, Virginia" published by The Michie Company, 1901.

494 F i. Jane Jefferson-[18031] was born in 1740 and died in 1765 at age 25.

+ 496 M iii. 3rd President Thomas Jefferson-[15912] was born on 4-13-1743 in Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia and died on 7-4-1826 in Monticello, Virginia at age 83.

497 F iv. Elizabeth Jefferson-[18033] was born in 1744 and died in 1773 at age 29.

502 F ix. Anna Scott Jefferson-[18038] was born in 1755 and died in 1828 at age 73.

503 M x. Randolph Jefferson-[18039] was born in 1755 and died in 1815 at age 60.

393. Thomas Isham Randolph-[15988] (Isham Randolph³⁴⁴, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

General Notes: SRC: Birth Record from the Register of St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia (William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Vol 15, No. 2, pgs 113-123)

Thomas married Jane Cary-[30141] [MRIN:10125], daughter of Col. Archibald Cary-[34235] and Mary Randolph-[16004].

+ 504 M i. Isham Randolph-[30142] was born on 3-27-1771 in St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia.

505 M ii. Thomas Randolph-[30143] was born on 3-27-1771 in St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia and died on 11-5-1811 in Tippecanoe Battle, Indiana at age 40.

+ 507 F iv. Mary Randolph-[30145] was born on 2-1-1773 in Ampthill, Chesterfield County, Virginia.

398. Susannah Randolph-[15993] (Isham Randolph³⁴⁴, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Susannah married Carter Henry Harrison-[11213] [MRIN:3758] on 11-7-1760 in Goochland County, Virginia.

508 F i. Betty Harrison-[30130] was born in 1764 in St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia.

401. Richard Randolph-[16002] (Col. Richard Randolph³⁴⁶, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1715 in Curles Neck Plantation, Henrico County, Virginia and died on 6-6-1786 about age 71.

Richard married Maria Beverley-[23491] [MRIN:7931], daughter of Robert Beverley-[23478] and Maria Carter-[23479], on 12-1-1785. Maria was born on 12-15-1764 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia and died on 10-2-1824 in Williamsburg, James City County, Virginia at age 59.

David married Mary "Mollie" Randolph-[17200] [MRIN:11556], daughter of Thomas Mann Randolph-[34238] and Anne Cary-[34237], on 12-11-1780 in Goochland County, VA. Mary was born on 8-9-1762 in St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia.

Brett married Lucy Beverley-[23498] [MRIN:7935], daughter of Robert Beverley-[23478] and Maria Carter-[23479], on 11-21-1789. Lucy was born on 2-24-1771 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia, died in 1854 in Oakleigh, Greensboro, Alabama at age 83, and was buried in Oakleigh, Greensboro, Alabama.

Anne married Brett Randolph-[34213] [MRIN:11586] on 5-7-1782 in Henrico (Goochland) County, VA.

Elizabeth married David Meade-[34214] [MRIN:11587] on 3-1-1789 in Henrico (Goochland) County, VA.

Sarah married William Mewburn-[34215] [MRIN:11588] on 1-20-1814 in Powhatan County, Virginia.

Mary married William Bolling-[34216] [MRIN:11589], son of Thomas Bolling-[34217] and Unknown, on 2-23-1789 in Henrico (Goochland) County, VA.

402. Mary Randolph-[16004] (Col. Richard Randolph³⁴⁶, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 11-21-1727 and died on 11-5-1781 at age 53.

Mary married Col. Archibald Cary-[34235] [MRIN:11598], son of Henry Cary-[34236] and Unknown. Archibald was born in 1721 in Goochland County, VA and died in 1785 in Chesterfield County, Virginia at age 64.

Elizabeth married Robert Kincaid-[17199] [MRIN:5784] on 7-5-1787 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.

Mary married Carter Page-[34240] [MRIN:11601] on 4-4-1783 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.

403. Jane Randolph-[16003] (Col. Richard Randolph³⁴⁶, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1730.

404. Brett Randolph-[15945] (Col. Richard Randolph³⁴⁶, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1732 in England and died about 1759 in England about age 27.

405. John Randolph-[15960] (Col. Richard Randolph³⁴⁶, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1742 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in 10-1775 about age 33.

John married Frances Bland-[15959] [MRIN:5316], daughter of Theodorick Bland-[34307] and Frances Bolling-[15876], on 3-9-1769 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia. Frances was born on 9-24-1752 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died on 1-18-1788 in Matoax, Virginia at age 35.

General Notes: Frances Bland was sixteen when she married John Randolph, eleven years her senior. They resided at Matoax Plantation in Chesterfield County, Virginia which held over a thousand acres. John Randolph died October 1775 after only six years of marriage.

Frances later married St. George Tucker of Bermuda and his family wished for them to live there. Frances had two large plantations to manage (Bizzare and Cawson's) so they stayed in Virginia.

+ 528 M i. Richard Randolph-[15965] was born on 5-9-1770 in Virginia and died in 1796 at age 26.

529 M ii. Theodorick Bland Randolph-[15966] was born in 1-1771 and died on 2-14-1792 at age 21.

530 M iii. John Randolph-[15967] was born on 6-2-1773 in Cawsons, Prince George County, Virginia, died on 5-24-1833 in Roanoke Plantation, Virginia at age 59, and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

General Notes: born June 2, 1773, Prince George County, Va. [U.S.]
died May 24, 1833, Philadelphia, Pa.

American political leader who was an important proponent of the doctrine of states' rights in opposition to a strong centralized government.

A descendant of notable colonial families of Virginia as well as of the Indian princess Pocahontas, Randolph distinguished himself from a distant relative by assuming the title John Randolph of Roanoke, where he established his home in 1810.

In 1799 Randolph was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he served in that legislative body almost continuously until 1829. His political rise was so rapid that by 1801 he was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and leader of the Jeffersonian Republicans in Congress. His debating skill and biting sarcasm made him a feared opponent through the years, and he anticipated the states'-rights theories of John C. Calhoun by passionately defending state sovereignty on every occasion. He thus opposed a national bank, protective tariffs, federally financed internal improvements (such as roads and canals), and federal interference with the institution of slavery—though he freed his own bondsmen in his will.

After his failure as manager of the impeachment trial of Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase in 1804–05, in addition to his opposition to President Thomas Jefferson's efforts to acquire Florida, Randolph drifted away from the Jeffersonian Republican Party. He returned to national prominence in 1820 when he represented Southern planters in resisting the Missouri Compromise, which outlawed slavery in new western territory north of the 36°30´ parallel. During those years, when party feelings ran high, Randolph's denunciation of Henry Clay's support of John Quincy Adams for the presidency in the disputed election of 1824–25 led him into a duel with Clay from which both emerged unscathed.

He served briefly in the Senate (1825–26) and three years later was a prominent member of the convention that drafted a new Virginia constitution. In 1830 President Andrew Jackson sent him on a special mission to Russia, but ill health forced him to return to the United States after only a few weeks at his post.

John Randolph the Orator.

• Political Career: U. S. Representative from Virginia, 1799 - 1813, 1815 -17, 1819 - 25
15th District 1807 - 13, 16th District 1815 - 17, 1819 - 21, 5th District 1821 - 25, 1827 - 29. Died in Office 1833.

U. S. Senator from Virginia 1825 - 27
U. S. Minister to Russia 1830

407. John Stith-[15957] (Mary Randolph³⁴⁷, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

John married Elizabeth Anderson-[15956] [MRIN:11571], daughter of Rev. Charles Anderson-[34176] and Frances Unknown-[34177].

John next married Mary Fleming-[34302] [MRIN:11623], daughter of Tarelton Fleming-[34303] and Mary Page-[34304].

Judith married John Maynard-[34306] [MRIN:11625]. John was born in Halifax County, Virginia.

408. Mary Randolph Stith-[15958] (Mary Randolph³⁴⁷, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Mary married Ludwell Grymes-[34311] [MRIN:11626], son of John Grymes-[34186] and Lucy Ludwell-[34187], in 1756. Ludwell was born in 1733 and died in 1795 at age 62.

411. John Randolph-[15996] (Sir John Randolph³⁴⁸, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1727 in Virginia and died on 6-30-1784 in London, England at age 57.

John married Ariana Jennings-[15998] [MRIN:5321], daughter of Edmund Jennings-[34182] and Arianna Vanderhuyden-[34183]. Ariana was born in 1727 in Virginia and died in 1801 at age 74.

+ 535 M i. Edmund Jennings Randolph-[15999] was born on 8-10-1753 in Tazewell, Williamsburg, Virginia and died on 9-12-1813 in Clark County, Virginia at age 60.

536 F ii. Arianna Randolph-[16268] was born about 1755 in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia.

538 F iv. Sarah Randolph-[16267] was born in 1757 in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia.

412. Mary Randolph-[15997] (Sir John Randolph³⁴⁸, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Mary married Philip Grymes-[34185] [MRIN:11578], son of John Grymes-[34186] and Lucy Ludwell-[34187].

413. Elizabeth Randolph-[15975] (Edward Randolph³⁴⁹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Elizabeth next married Theodorick Bland-[34307] [MRIN:11628], son of Richard Bland-[13024] and Elizabeth Randolph-[13027], about 1759. Theodorick was born on 12-2-1708 in Cawsons, Prince George City County, Virginia and died in 5-1790 in Amelia County, Virginia at age 81.

General Notes: Resided at "Cawson's" Prince George City County, Virginia; resided at "Kippax" Prince George City County, Virginia; left a will dated July 16, 1783 - proved October 28, 1784.

415. Edward Randolph-[15974] (Edward Randolph³⁴⁹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Edward married Lucy Harrison-[23544] [MRIN:7965], daughter of Benjamin Harrison-[23565] and Susan Randolph-[16013].

416. Elizabeth Randolph-[15975] (Edward Randolph³⁴⁹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

421. Henry Randolph-[16073] (Henry Randolph³⁵⁰, Henry Randolph³²¹, Henry Randolph²⁹⁰, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 2-1721 in Henrico County, Virginia and died in 4-1771 at age 50.

General Notes: Will of Henry Randolph; dated June 17, 1769 gives to son John Randolph 1,000 actes on which they live; gives William Randolph land called Rich Neck; gives Thomas Randolph all of his lands in Amelia County; son Robert gets 500 pounds, son Richard 500 pounds. -Chesterfield County, Virginia-

Henry married Tabitha Poythress-[16077] [MRIN:5332], daughter of Robert Poythress-[16088] and Unknown, about 1742. Tabitha was born in 1725 and died in 1805 at age 80.

425. Lydia Royce-[19052] (Hannah Morgan³⁵¹, James Morgan³²², Elizabeth Morgan²⁹⁵, Sir William Morgan²⁷², Thomas Morgan²⁵⁵, Rowland Morgan²³⁸, Elizabeth Vaughan²²¹, Joan (Jean) Whitney²⁰³, Constance Tuchet¹⁸⁷, Eleanor of Holland¹⁶⁴, Earl Edmund of Holland III¹⁴⁶, Thomas de Holand II¹²², Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid"⁹⁹, Earl Edmund of Woodstock⁸³, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 5-28-1680 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut and died c1750 at age 70.

Lydia married Daniel Messenger-[19053] [MRIN:6544] on 1-28-1704 in Wallingford, New Haven, Connecticut. Daniel was born c1683 in Queen's, New York and died in 1751 in Harwinton, CT at age 68.

426. John Harry-[18999] (Hugh Harry³⁵², Harry Thomas Owen³²³, Thomas Owen²⁹⁶, Elizabeth Pugh²⁷³, Gaynor Thomas²⁵⁶, Jane Puleston²³⁹, Sir John Puleston²²², Eleanor Whitney²⁰⁴, Constance Tuchet¹⁸⁷, Eleanor of Holland¹⁶⁴, Earl Edmund of Holland III¹⁴⁶, Thomas de Holand II¹²², Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid"⁹⁹, Earl Edmund of Woodstock⁸³, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

427. Mary Porter-[18611] (Anna Rosanna White³⁵³, Robert White V³²⁴, Robert White IV²⁹⁷, Richard White²⁷⁴, Thomas White²⁵⁷, Robert White III²⁴⁰, Sir Robert White II²²³, Alice Hungerford²⁰⁶, Baronesse Margaret de Botreaux¹⁸⁸, Elizabeth de Beaumont¹⁶⁵, John de Beaumont¹⁴⁸, Henry de Beaumont¹²⁵, Eleanor of Lancaster¹⁰⁰, Earl Henry Plantagenet⁸⁶, Earl Edmund Plantagenet "Crouchback"⁷³, King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born about 1638 in Felstead, Essex, England and died on 12-16-1681 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT about age 43.

Mary married Samuel Grant-[18612] [MRIN:6381] on 5-27-1656. Samuel was born on 11-12-1631 in Dorchester, Massachusetts and died on 9-10-1718 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT at age 86.

+ 565 M i. Samuel Grant Jr-[18613] was born in 1659 in Windsor, Hartford County, CT and died on 5-8-1710 at age 51.

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