Twenty-eighth Generation  

566. Abigail Bowen-[18160] (John Bowen⁴²⁸, Henry Bowen³⁵⁴, Griffith Bowen³²⁵, Francis Bowen²⁹⁸, Philip Bowen²⁷⁵, Gruffydd ap Owain²⁵⁸, Owain ap Jenkin²⁴¹, Jenkin ap Euan Gwyn²²⁴, Ieuan Gwyn ap Hywel Gam²⁰⁷, Hywel Melyn ap Gwilym Gam¹⁸⁹, Gwilym Gam ap Hywel Fychan¹⁶⁶, Hywel Fychan ap Hywel¹⁴⁹, Ann verch Gwilym¹²⁶, Gwilym ap Jenkin¹⁰¹, Jenkins ap Gwrgi⁸⁷, Ann Maelog⁷⁴, Joan verch Rhys⁷⁰, Rhys ap Gruffudd⁶⁷, Mabel FitzRobert⁵⁷, William (Earl)⁵⁰, Robert de Caen (Earl)⁴¹, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 7-5-1700 and died on 9-16-1775 at age 75.

Abigail married Caleb Kendrick-[18161] [MRIN:6143] in 9-1721. Caleb was born on 3-8-1694 and died on 3-31-1771 at age 77.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 746 M    i. Benjamin Kendrick-[18162] was born on 1-30-1723 and died on 11-13-1812 at age 89.

567. Rutherford Hayes-[18241] (Rutherford Hayes⁴²⁹, Rebecca Russell³⁵⁵, Col. John Russell³²⁶, Rev. Samuel Russell²⁹⁹, Rebecca Newberry²⁷⁶, Thomas Newberry²⁵⁹, Richard Newberry²⁴², Richard Newborough²²⁵, Walter Newburgh²⁰⁸, Thomas Newburgh¹⁹⁰, John Newburgh¹⁶⁷, John Newburgh¹⁵⁰, Margaret Poyntz¹²⁷, Nicholas Poyntz¹⁰², Elizabeth la Zouche⁸⁸, Millicent de Cantelupe⁷⁵, Eva de Braose⁷¹, Lord William de Braose "Black Will"⁶⁸, Gracia de Briwere "The Dark"⁵⁸, Beatrice de Vaux⁵¹, Rainald (Earl of Cornwall)⁴⁴, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 1-4-1787 in Brattleboro, Vermont and died on 7-20-1822 in Delaware, Delaware County, Ohio at age 35.

Rutherford married Sophia Birchard-[18242] [MRIN:6185] on 9-13-1813 in Wilmington, Vermont. Sophia was born on 4-15-1792 in Wilmington, Vermont and died on 10-30-1866 in Columbus, Ohio at age 74.

The child from this marriage was:

   747 M    i. 19th President Rutherford Birchard Hayes-[18243] was born on 10-4-1822 in Delaware, Ohio and died on 1-17-1893 in Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio at age 70.

General Notes: Rutherford Birchard Hayes 19th president of the United States (1877–81), who brought post-Civil War Reconstruction to an end in the South and who tried to establish new standards of official integrity after eight years of corruption in Washington, D.C. He was the only president to hold office by decision of an extraordinary commission of congressmen and Supreme Court justices appointed to rule on contested electoral ballots.

Hayes was the son of Rutherford Hayes, a farmer, and Sophia Birchard. After graduating from Kenyon College at the head of his class in 1842, Hayes studied law at Harvard, where he took a bachelor of laws degree in 1845. Returning to Ohio, he established a successful legal practice in Cincinnati, where he represented defendants in several fugitive-slave cases and became associated with the newly formed Republican Party. In 1852 he married Lucy Ware Webb, a cultured and unusually well-educated woman for her time. After combat service with the Union army, he was elected to Congress (1865–67) and then to the Ohio governorship (1868–76).

In 1875, during his third gubernatorial campaign, Hayes attracted national attention by his uncompromising advocacy of a sound currency backed by gold. The following year he became his state's favorite son at the national Republican nominating convention, where a shrewdly managed campaign won him the presidential nomination. Hayes's unblemished public record and high moral tone offered a striking contrast to widely publicized accusations of corruption in the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–77). An economic depression, however, and Northern disenchantment with Reconstruction policies in the South combined to give Hayes's Democratic opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, a popular majority, and early returns indicated a Democratic victory in the electoral college as well. Hayes's campaign managers challenged the validity of the returns from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana, and as a result two sets of ballots were submitted from the three states. The ensuing electoral dispute became known as the Tilden-Hayes affair. Eventually a bipartisan majority of Congress created a special Electoral Commission to decide which votes should be counted. As originally conceived, the commission was to comprise seven Democrats, seven Republicans, and one independent, the Supreme Court justice David Davis. Davis refused to serve, however, and the Republican Joseph P. Bradley was named in his place. While the commission was deliberating, Republican allies of Hayes engaged in secret negotiations with moderate Southern Democrats aimed at securing acquiescence to Hayes's election. On March 2, 1877, the commission voted along strict party lines to award all the contested electoral votes to Hayes, who was thus elected with 185 electoral votes to Tilden's 184. The result was greeted with outrage and bitterness by some Northern Democrats, who thereafter referred to Hayes as “His Fraudulency.”

As president, Hayes promptly made good on the secret pledges made during the electoral dispute. He withdrew federal troops from states still under military occupation, thus ending the era of Reconstruction (1865–77). His promise not to interfere with elections in the former Confederacy ensured a return there of traditional white Democratic supremacy. He appointed Southerners to federal positions, and he made financial appropriations for Southern improvements. These policies aroused the animosity of a conservative Republican faction known as the Stalwarts, who were further antagonized by the president's efforts to reform the civil service by substituting nonpartisan examinations for political patronage. Hayes's demand for the resignation of two top officials in the New York custom house (including Chester Arthur, the future president) provoked a bitter struggle with New York senator Roscoe Conkling.

During the national railroad strikes of 1877, Hayes, at the request of state governors, dispatched federal troops to suppress rioting. His administration was under continual pressure from the South and West to resume silver coinage, outlawed in 1873. Many considered this proposal inflationary, and Hayes sided with the Eastern, hard-money (gold) interests. Congress, however, overrode his veto of the Bland-Allison Act (1878), which provided for government purchase of silver bullion and restoration of the silver dollar as legal tender. In 1879 Hayes signed an act permitting women lawyers to practice before the Supreme Court.

Hayes refused renomination by the Republican Party in 1880, contenting himself with one term as president. In retirement he devoted himself to humanitarian causes, notably prison reform and educational opportunities for Southern black youth.

Rutherford married Lucy Ware Webb-[18244] [MRIN:6186] on 12-30-1852 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Lucy was born on 8-28-1831 in Chillicote, Ohio and died on 6-25-1889 in Fremont, Ohio at age 57.

569. Alphonso Taft-[18275] (Peter Rawson Taft⁴³¹, Rhoda Rawson³⁶⁶, Abner Rawson³²⁹, Edmund Rawson³⁰¹, Rev. Grindall Rawson²⁷⁸, Rachel Perne²⁶¹, Rachel Greene²⁴⁴, Richard Greene II²²⁷, Richard Greene²¹⁰, Robert Greene¹⁹², John Greene¹⁶⁹, Ela Malory¹⁵², Alice de Driby¹²⁹, Amy (Joan) de Gaveston¹⁰⁴, Margaret de Clare⁹⁰, Joan of Acre⁷⁸, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 11-5-1810 and died on 5-21-1891 at age 80.

Alphonso married Louisa Maria Torrey-[18276] [MRIN:6204]. Louisa was born on 9-11-1827 and died on 12-8-1907 at age 80.

The child from this marriage was:

   748 M    i. 27th President William Howard Taft-[18277] was born on 9-15-1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio and died on 3-8-1930 in Washington, D. C. at age 72.

General Notes: 27th president of the United States (1909–13) and 10th chief justice of the United States (1921–30). As the choice of President Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him and carry on the progressive Republican agenda, Taft as president alienated the progressives—and later Roosevelt—thereby contributing greatly to the split in Republican ranks in 1912, to the formation of the Bull Moose Party (also known as the Progressive Party), and to his humiliating defeat that year in his bid for a second term.

The son of Alphonso Taft, secretary of war and attorney general (1876–77) under President Ulysses S. Grant, and Louisa Maria Torrey, Taft graduated second in his Yale class of 1878, studied law, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1880. Drawn to politics in the Republican Party, he served in several minor appointive offices until 1887, when he was named to fill the unfinished term of a judge of the superior court of Ohio. The following year he was elected to a five-year term of his own, the only time he ever attained office via popular vote other than his election to the presidency. From 1892 to 1900 he served as a judge of the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, where he made several decisions hostile to organized labor. He upheld the use of an injunction to stop a strike by railroad workers, and he declared illegal the use of a secondary boycott. On the other hand, he upheld the rights of workers to organize, to join a union, and to strike, and he extended the power of the injunction to enforce antitrust laws.

Taft resigned his judgeship on March 15, 1900, to accept appointment by President William McKinley to serve as chairman of the Second Philippine Commission. Charged with organizing civil government in the islands following the Spanish-American War (1898), Taft displayed considerable talent as an executive and administrator. In 1901 he became the first civilian governor of the Philippines, concentrating in that post on the economic development of the islands. Fond of and very popular among the Philippine people, Taft twice refused to leave the islands when offered appointment to the Supreme Court by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1904 he agreed to return to Washington to serve as Roosevelt's secretary of war, with the stipulation that he could continue to supervise Philippine affairs.

Although dissimilar in both physique and temperament, the rotund, easygoing Taft and the muscular, almost-manic Roosevelt nonetheless became close friends; the president regarded his secretary of war as a trusted adviser. When Roosevelt declined to run for reelection, he threw his support to Taft, who won the 1908 Republican nomination and defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the electoral college by 321 votes to 162. Progressive Republicans, who had found their champion in Theodore Roosevelt, now expected Roosevelt's handpicked successor to carry forward their reform agenda.

However, progressives soon found abundant reason to be disappointed with Taft.

Temperamentally, he lacked Roosevelt's compelling leadership qualities, which had inspired people to charge into battle against all that was wrong in American society. Politically, Taft offended progressives when he failed to appoint any from their ranks to his cabinet. He further angered progressives when he backed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909, a highly protectionist measure that ironically was the product of a special session of Congress called (by Taft) to revise tariff rates downward. Progressives, who favored lower tariffs, expected a veto. When Taft not only signed the tariff but called it “the best bill that the party has ever passed,” the rupture in Republican ranks seemed unlikely to be mended.

Despite his close relationship with Roosevelt, Taft as president aligned himself with the more conservative members in the Republican Party. He did prove to be a vigorous trustbuster, however, launching twice as many antitrust prosecutions as had his progressive predecessor. He also backed conservation of natural resources, another key component of the progressive reform program. But when he fired Gifford Pinchot—head of the Bureau of Forestry, ardent conservationist, and close friend of Roosevelt—Taft severed whatever support he still had among Republican progressives.

Roosevelt returned from an African safari in 1910, and progressives quickly urged him to come out publicly in opposition to his political protégé. At first Roosevelt declined to criticize Taft by name, but by 1912 a breach between the former friends was clearly evident. When Roosevelt decided to challenge Taft for the Republican presidential nomination, the two attacked each other mercilessly in the Republican primary elections. The primary results proved beyond doubt that Republican voters wanted Roosevelt to be the party's standard-bearer in 1912, but Taft's forces controlled the convention and secured the nomination for the incumbent. Believing that the convention had been rigged and that their man had been cheated out of the nomination he deserved, Republican progressives bolted their party to form the Bull Moose (or Progressive) Party and nominated Roosevelt as their presidential candidate.

The split in Republican ranks assured the election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt came in a distant second, and Taft, capturing less than a quarter of the popular vote, won just two states—Utah and Vermont. In the electoral college, Taft set a record for the poorest performance by an incumbent president seeking reelection: He won a mere 8 electoral votes compared with 88 for Roosevelt and 435 for Wilson.

As president, Taft frequently claimed that “politics makes me sick.” Never eager for the office, he had been prodded to pursue it by his wife, Helen Herron Taft, whom he had married in 1886. As first lady she was a key political adviser to her husband.

On his departure from the White House Taft returned to Yale, where he became a professor of constitutional law. With the entry of the United States into World War I, he served on the National War Labor Board, and at the war's conclusion he strongly supported American participation in the League of Nations. In 1921 President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft chief justice of the United States, launching what was probably the happiest period in Taft's long career in public service. He promptly took steps to improve the efficiency of the Supreme Court, which had fallen far behind in its work. His influence was decisive in securing passage of the Judge's Act of 1925, which gave the Supreme Court greater discretion in choosing its cases so that it could focus more attention on constitutional questions and other issues of national importance.

Although generally conservative in his judicial philosophy, Taft was no rigid ideologue. His approval of court injunctions, for example, was limited by his insistence that injunctions could not be employed to interfere with the rights of workers to organize and strike. His most important contribution to constitutional law was his opinion in Myers v. United States (1926) upholding the authority of the president to remove federal officials, a much-belated endorsement of the position taken by Andrew Johnson with respect to the Tenure of Office Act in his impeachment trial in 1868.

Suffering from heart disease, Taft resigned as chief justice on February 3, 1930, and he died a little more than a month later.

William married Helen Herron-[18278] [MRIN:6205] on 6-19-1886 in Cincinatti, Ohio. Helen was born on 6-2-1861 in Cincinnati, Ohio and died on 5-22-1943 in Washington, D. C. at age 81.

570. Nathan Jewett-[18307] (Mary Hibbert⁴³², Hannah Gibbons³⁶⁷, Judith Lewis³³⁰, Elizabeth Marshall³⁰², Katherine Mitton²⁷⁹, Edward Harpersfield²⁶², Joyce Mitton²⁴⁵, Constance de Beaumont²²⁸, Eleanor Sutton²¹¹, John de Sutton VI¹⁹³, John de Sutton V¹⁷⁰, Sir John de Sutton IV¹⁵³, Katherine de Stafford¹³⁰, Baroness Margaret de Audley¹⁰⁵, Margaret de Clare⁹⁰, Joan of Acre⁷⁸, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Nathan married.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 749 F    i. Elizabeth Jewett-[18308] .

574. 12th President Zachary Taylor-[12939] (Sarah Dabney Strother⁴³³, William Strother³⁶⁸, Francis Strother³³¹, Margaret Thornton³⁰³, Alice Savage²⁸⁰, Anthony Savage²⁶³, Anthony Savage²⁴⁶, Francis Savage Esq.²²⁹, Christopher Savage II²¹², Christopher Savage¹⁹⁴, Katherine Stanley¹⁷¹, Joan Goushill¹⁵⁴, Elizabeth FitzAlan¹³¹, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 11-24-1784 in Barboursville, Orange County, Virginia and died on 7-9-1850 in Washington D. C. at age 65.

General Notes: 12th President of the United States. A career soldier who never voted and served fewer than 500 days in the White House.

Zachary Taylor was a member of several prominent families. One forebearer was William Brewster, a Mayflower Pilgrim. James Madison was Taylor's second cousin and Robert E. Lee was also a kinsman. His father was a Lt Col in the Revolutionary War and his mother was Sarah Dabney Strother.

Taylor was born in Orange County, Virginia on November 24, 1784. As an infant he moved with his family to Jefferson County, Kentucky and grew to manhood on a farm near Louisville. He had little, if any schooling.

In 1808 he was commissioned a first lieutenant of infantry. He fought in the Black Hawk War and in the Indian fighting in Florida, winning the Battle of Okeechobee in 1837. In early 1846 he advanced to the supply base at Point Isabel, Brownsville, Texas. Nearby on April 25, 1846, 1,600 Mexican soldiers had crossed the river and surrounded an American detachment, and killed and captured it's members. This was the start of the Mexican War. After strengthening defenses at Point Isabel, Taylor and with a force of 2,228 marched on a search mission found himself surrounded by a blocking action of the Mexican Army on his return leg. The Mexicans outnumbered him two to one. On May 8th Mexican General Mariano Arista opened cannon fire and Taylor replied. Arista was surprised and fell back five miles.

Taylor gave chase. When the two forces met again, a stand-off resulted until many casualties were inflicted on both sides. The Mexican left flank eventually began to collapse and the Mexican Army, who had suffered three times the casualties as Taylor's force, retreated back across the Rio Grande.

Taylor was promoted to Major General and was given a troop of 6,641 to launch an attack on Monterrey, Northern Mexico's largest community. The attack began on September 21, 1846. It was urban, door to door fighting lasting three days. The Mexican General Pedro de Ampudia sued for a negotiated withdrawal; he would retreat and abandon the city if he could take his soldiers with him. Taylor accepted.

President James K. Polk, fearful of a popular General transferred all of Taylor's experienced soldiers to Winfield Scott leaving only 500 regulars among a force of 4,760.

Polk had given Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna safe passage through American lines in the hope he would assist in a peace negotiation. Santa Anna instead attacked Taylor, thus the Battle of Buena Vista on February 22-23, 1847. After two days Santa Anna retreated from the rugged terrain giving victory to Taylor.
---------------------

born November 24, 1784, Montebello, Virginia, U.S.
died July 9, 1850, Washington, D.C.


12th president of the United States (1849–50). Elected on the ticket of the Whig Party as a hero of the Mexican War (1846–48), he died only 16 months after taking office.

Taylor's parents, Richard Taylor and Mary Strother, migrated to Kentucky from Virginia shortly after Zachary, the third of their nine children, was born. After spending his boyhood on the Kentucky frontier, Taylor enlisted in the army in 1806 and was commissioned first lieutenant in the infantry in 1808. In 1810 he married Margaret Mackall Smith, with whom he had six children. His daughter Sarah Knox Taylor married Jefferson Davis, the future president of the Confederate States of America, in 1835, and his son Robert Taylor fought in the Civil War as a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army.

Taylor served in the army for almost 40 years, finally advancing to the rank of major general (1846). He commanded troops in the field in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War (1832), and the second of the Seminole Wars in Florida (1835–42), in which he won promotion to the rank of brigadier general for his leadership in the Battle of Lake Okeechobee (1837). In 1840 he was assigned to a post in Louisiana and established his home in Baton Rouge.

Soon after the annexation of Texas (1845), President James K. Polk ordered Taylor and an army of 4,000 men to the Rio Grande, opposite the Mexican city of Matamoros. A detachment of Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and engaged Taylor's forces in a skirmish (April 25, 1846) that marked the beginning of the Mexican War (or Mexican-American War). Two weeks later Mexican troops again crossed the river to challenge Taylor, whose forces decisively defeated the invaders on two successive days in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma (May 8 and 9). On May 13 the United States formally declared war on Mexico. Taylor then led his troops across the Rio Grande and advanced toward Monterrey, capturing the city on September 22–23 and granting the Mexican army an eight-week armistice, an action that displeased Polk. Taylor further alienated Polk by writing a letter, which found its way into the press, criticizing Polk and his secretary of war, William L. Marcy. Polk then ordered Taylor to confine his actions to those necessary for defensive purposes and transferred Taylor's best troops to the army of General Winfield Scott. The following February, however, Taylor disobeyed these orders and with his diminished force marched south and, in the Battle of Buena Vista, won a brilliant victory over a Mexican army that outnumbered his troops by about four to one.

Having thus won the north of Mexico, Taylor emerged as a hero and began to be seen by Whig politicians as a possible presidential candidate. At the Whig Party convention in 1848 Taylor gained the nomination on the fourth ballot. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, in the general election, winning the electoral college vote 163 to 127.

Taylor's brief administration was beset with problems, the most perplexing of which was the controversy over the extension of slavery into the newly acquired Mexican territories. By 1848 Taylor had come to oppose the creation of new slave states, and in December 1849 he called for immediate statehood for California, whose new constitution explicitly prohibited slavery. Southerners in Congress, who feared a permanent majority of free states in the Senate, fought bitterly against the proposal, and the controversy was not finally resolved until September of the following year (two months after Taylor's death), with the adoption of the Compromise of 1850. A further problem was the revelation in mid-1850 of financial improprieties on the part of three members of Taylor's cabinet. Deeply humiliated, Taylor, who prided himself on honesty, decided to reorganize his cabinet, but before he could do so he died suddenly of an attack of cholera. He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore.

Noted events in his life were:

• Zachary Taylor: Twelfth President of the United States.

• Taylor Biography: Northerners and Southerners disputed sharply whether the territories wrested from Mexico should be opened to slavery, and some Southerners even threatened secession. Standing firm, Zachary Taylor was prepared to hold the Union together by armed force rather than compromise.

Born in Virginia in 1784, he was taken as an infant to Kentucky and raised on a plantation. He was a career officer in the Army, but his talk was most often of cotton raising. His home was in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and he owned a plantation in Mississippi.

Taylor did not defend slavery or southern sectionalism; 40 years in the Army made him a strong nationalist.

He spent a quarter of a century policing the frontiers against Indians. In the Mexican War he won major victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista.

President Polk, disturbed by General Taylor's informal habits of command and perhaps his Whiggery as well, kept him in northern Mexico City. Taylor, incensed, thought that "the battle of Buena Vista opened the road to the city of Mexico and the halls of Montezuma, that others might revel in them."

"Old Rough and Ready's" homespun ways were political assets. His long military record would appeal to northerners; his ownership of 100 slaves would lure southern votes. He had not committed himself on troublesome issues. The Whigs nominated him to run against the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, who favored letting the residents of territories decide for themselves whether they wanted slavery.

In protest against Taylor the slaveholder and Cass the advocate of "squatter sovereignty", northerners who opposed extension of slavery into territories formed a Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren. In a close election, the Free Soilers pulled enough votes away from Cass to elect Taylor.

Although Taylor had subscribed to Whig principles of legislative leadership, he was not inclined to be a puppet of Whig leaders in Congress. He acted at times as though he were above both parties and politics. As disheveled as always, Taylor tried to run his administration in the same rule-of-thumb fashion with which he fought the Indians.

Traditionally, people could decide whether they wanted slavery when they drew up new state constitutions. Therefore, to end the dispute over slavery in new areas, Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage.

Southerners were furious, since neither state constitution was likely to permit slavery; Members of Congress were dismayed, since they felt the President was usurping their policy-making prerogatives. In addition, Taylor's solution ignored several acute side issues: the northern dislike of the slave market operating in the District of Columbia; and the southern demands for a more stringent fugitive slave law.

In February 1850 President Taylor had held a stormy conference with southern leaders who threatened secession. He told them that if necessary to enforce the laws, he personally would lead the Army. Persons "taken in rebellion against the Union, he would hang . . . with less reluctance than he had hanged deserters and spies in Mexico." He never wavered.

Then events took an unexpected turn. After participating in ceremonies at the Washington Monument on a blistering July 4, Taylor fell ill; within five days he was dead. After his death, the forces of compromise triumphed, but the war Taylor had been willing to face came 11 years later. In it, his only son Richard served as a general in the Confederate Army.

• Cause of Death: Some historians believe that President Taylor might not have died of gastrointestinal ailments, but might have been poisoned with arsenic - his death having come at a critical time when the north/south strife in Congress had been reaching new emotional heights. The President had informed Congress of his position on slavery had refused to compromise.

Zachary married Margaret Mackall Smith-[16835] [MRIN:5626], daughter of Walter Smith-[17064] and Ann Mackall-[17065], on 6-21-1810 in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Margaret was born on 9-21-1788 in Calvert County, Maryland and died on 8-14-1852 in East Pascagoula, Mississippi at age 63.

General Notes: After the election of 1848, a passenger on a Mississippi riverboat struck up a conversation with easy-mannered Gen. Zachary Taylor, not knowing his identity. The passenger remarked that he didn't think the general qualified for the Presidency - - was the stranger "a Taylor man"? "Not much of one," came the reply. The general went on to say that he hadn't voted for Taylor, partly because his wife was opposed to sending "Old Zack" to Washington, "where she would be obliged to go with him!" It was a truthful answer.

Moreover, the story goes that Margaret Taylor had taken a vow during the Mexican War: If her husband returned safely, she would never go into society again. In fact she never did, though prepared for it by genteel upbringing.

"Peggy" Smith was born in Calvert County, Maryland, daughter of Ann Mackall and Walter Smith, a major in the Revolutionary War according to family tradition. In 1809, visiting a sister in Kentucky, she met young Lieutenant Taylor. They were married the following June, and for a while the young wife stayed on the farm given them as a wedding present by Zachary's father. She bore her first baby there, but cheerfully followed her husband from one remote garrison to another along the western frontier of civilization. An admiring civilian official cited her as one of the "delicate females . . . reared in tenderness" who had to educate "worthy and most interesting" children at a fort in Indian country.

Two small girls died in 1820 of what Taylor called "a bilious fever," which left their mother's health impaired; three girls and a boy grew up. Knowing the hardships of a military wife, Taylor opposed his daughter's marrying career soldiers - - but each eventually married into the Army.

The second daughter, Knox, married Lt. Jefferson Davis in gentle defiance of her parents. In a loving letter home, she imagined her mother skimming milk in the cellar or going out to feed the chickens. Within three months of her wedding, Knox died of malaria. Taylor was not reconciled to Davis until they fought together in Mexico; in Washington the second Mrs. Davis became a good friend of Mrs. Taylor's, often calling on her at the White House.

Though Peggy Taylor welcomed friends and kinfolk in her upstairs sitting room, presided at the family table, met special groups at her husbands side, and worshiped regularly at St. John's Episcopal Church, she took no part in formal social functions. She relegated all the duties of official hostess to her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth, then 25 and recent bride to Lt. Col. William W. S. Bliss, adjutant and secretary to the President. Betty Bliss filled her role admirably. One observer thought that her manner blended "the artlessness of a rustic belle and grace of a duchess."

Children from this marriage were:

   750 F    i. Ann Mackall Taylor-[17069] was born in 1811 and died in 1875 at age 64.

   751 F    ii. Sarah Knox Taylor-[17066] was born in 1814 and died in 1835 at age 21.

General Notes: Died from Malaria.

Sarah married Jefferson Davis-[17067] [MRIN:5737].

   752 F    iii. Octavia P. Taylor-[17070] was born in 1816 and died in 1820 at age 4.

   753 F    iv. Margaret Smith Taylor-[17071] was born in 1819 and died in 1820 at age 1.

   754 F    v. Mary Elizabeth Taylor-[17068] was born in 1824 and died in 1909 at age 85.

   755 M    vi. Richard Taylor-[16836] was born on 1-27-1826 in "Springfields", Louisville, Kentucky and died in 4-1879 in New York City at age 53.

Noted events in his life were:

• General Richard Taylor CSA: Richard Taylor was born January 27, 1826 at "Springfields" near Louisville, Kentucky. The son of former President Zachary Taylor, he was educated in Europe, then Harvard and Yale. Taylor was also the former brother-in-law of future Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and a powerful planter and Louisiana state senator. He joined the Confederacy and, with almost no previous military experience, took command of the 9th Louisiana Infantry Regiment in July 1861. Proving himself an able combat commander, he was promoted to Brigadier General on October 21, 1861, Major General on July 28, 1862 and Lieutenant General to rank from April 8, 1864. He served in Virginia, Mississippi and Louisiana and is remembered for his victory over Major General Nathaniel P. Banks at Mansfield, Louisiana and his successes in the Red River Campaign. After the Civil War, Taylor wrote his "Destruction and Reconstruction" (1879). The memoir was publish a week before his death in New York City on April 12, 1879.

580. Abiah Hyde-[18393] (James Hyde⁴³⁵, Experience Abell³⁷⁰, Caleb Abell³³³, Robert Abell III³⁰⁵, Frances Cotton²⁸¹, Mary Mainwaring²⁶⁴, Arthur Mainwaring²⁴⁷, Dorothy Corbet²³⁰, Elizabeth Vernon²¹³, Anne Talbot¹⁹⁵, Elizabeth Butler¹⁷², Joan de Beauchamp¹⁵⁵, Joan FitzAlan¹³², Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 12-27-1749 in Norwich, CT and died on 8-23-1788 in Norwich, CT at age 38.

Abiah married Rev. Aaron Cleveland II-[18394] [MRIN:6268] on 4-12-1768 in Norwich, CT. Aaron was born on 2-2-1744 in East Haddam, CT and died on 9-21-1815 in New Haven, CT at age 71.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 756 M    i. William Cleveland-[18395] was born on 12-20-1770 in Norwich, CT and died on 8-18-1837 in Black Rock, New York at age 66.

582. Abigail Smith-[18426] (Elizabeth Quincy⁴³⁶, Col. John Quincy³⁷¹, Anna Shepard³³⁴, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 11-22-1744 in Weymouth, Massachusetts and died on 10-28-1818 in Quincy, Massachusetts at age 73.

General Notes: Married at the home of her parents in Weymouth, Massachusetts. As a child she was too sick to send to school. Thus she was "self-educated".

Her wedding attire was: a square-necked gown of white challis. The groom wore a dark blue coat, contrasting light breeches and white stockings, a gold embroidered satin waistcoat and buckles shoes.

As First Lady she moved to Washington, the first to do so. There her heath suffered and she returned to Massachusetts where she remained for the remainder of her life. Died of Typhoid Fever October 28, 1818.

Abigail married 2nd President John Adams-[18427] [MRIN:6285], son of John Adams-[20090] and Susanna Boylston-[20091], on 10-25-1764 in Weymouth, Massachusetts. John was born on 10-30-1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts and died on 7-4-1826 in Quincy, Massachusetts at age 90.

General Notes: born October 30, 1735, Braintree [now in Quincy], Mass. [U.S.]
died July 4, 1826, Quincy

An early advocate of American independence from Great Britain, major figure in the Continental Congress (1774–77), author of the Massachusetts constitution (1780), signer of the Treaty of Paris (1783), first American ambassador to the Court of St. James (1785–88), first vice president (1789–97) and second president (1797–1801) of the United States. Although Adams was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the most significant statesmen of the revolutionary era, his reputation faded in the 19th century, only to ascend again during the last half of the 20th century. The modern edition of his correspondence prompted are discovery of his bracing honesty and pungent way with words, his importance as a political thinker, his realistic perspective on American foreign policy, and his patriarchal role as founder of one of the most prominent families in American history.

Adams was the eldest of the three sons of Deacon John Adams and Susanna Boylston of Braintree, Massachusetts. His father was only a farmer and shoemaker, but the Adams family could trace its lineage back to the first generation of Puritan settlers in New England. A local selectman and a leader in the community, Deacon Adams encouraged his eldest son to aspire toward a career in the ministry. In keeping with that goal, Adams graduated from Harvard College in 1755. For the next three years, he taught grammar school in Worcester, Massachusetts, while contemplating his future. He eventually chose law rather than the ministry and in 1758 moved back to Braintree, then soon began practicing law in nearby Boston.

In 1764 Adams married Abigail Smith, a minister's daughter from neighboring Weymouth. Intelligent, well-read, vivacious, and just as fiercely independent as her new husband, Abigail Adams became a confidante and political partner who helped to stabilize and sustain the ever-irascible and highly volatile Adams throughout his long career. The letters between them afford an extended glimpse into their deepest thoughts and emotions and provide modern readers with the most revealing record of personal intimacy between husband and wife in the revolutionary era. Their first child, Abigail Amelia, was born in 1765. Their first son, John Quincy, arrived two years later. Two other sons, Thomas Boylston and Charles, followed shortly thereafter.

By then Adams's legal career was on the rise, and he had become a visible member of the resistance movement that questioned Parliament's right to tax the American colonies. In 1765 Adams published A Dissertation on the Canon and Federal Law, which justified opposition to the recently enacted Stamp Act—an effort to raise revenue by requiring all publications and legal documents to bear a stamp—by arguing that Parliament's intrusions into colonial affairs exposed the inherently coercive and corrupt character of English politics. Intensely combative, full of private doubts about his own capacities but never about his cause, Adams became a leading figure in the opposition to the Townshend Acts (1767), which imposed duties on imported commodities (i.e., glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea). Despite his hostility toward the British government, in 1770 Adams agreed to defend the British soldiers who had fired on a Boston crowd in what became known as the Boston Massacre. His insistence on upholding the legal rights of the soldiers, who in fact had been provoked, made him temporarily unpopular but also marked him as one of the most principled radicals in the burgeoning movement for American independence. He had a penchant for doing the right thing, most especially when it made him unpopular.

In the summer of 1774, Adams was elected to the Massachusetts delegation that joined the representatives from 12 of 13 colonies in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress. He and his cousin, Samuel Adams, quickly became the leaders of the radical faction, which rejected the prospects for reconciliation with Britain. His “Novanglus” essays, published early in 1775, moved the constitutional argument forward another notch, insisting that Parliament lacked the authority not just to tax the colonies but also to legislate for them in any way. (Less than a year earlier, Thomas Jefferson had made a similar argument against parliamentary authority in A Summary View of the Rights of British America.)

By the time the Second Continental Congress convened in 1775, Adams had gained the reputation as "the Atlas of independence." Over the course of the following year, he made several major contributions to the patriot cause destined to ensure his place in American history. First, he nominated George Washington to serve as commander of the fledging Continental Army. Second, he selected Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. (Both decisions were designed to ensure Virginia's support for the revolution.) Third, he dominated the debate in the Congress on July 2–4, 1776, defending Jefferson's draft of the declaration and demanding unanimous support for a decisive break with Great Britain. Moreover, he had written Thoughts on Government, which circulated throughout the colonies as the major guidebook for the drafting of new state constitutions.

Adams remained the central figure of the Continental Congress for the following two years. He drafted the Plan of Treaties in July 1776, a document that provided the framework for a treaty with France and that almost inadvertently identified the strategic priorities that would shape American foreign policy over the next century. He was the unanimous choice to head the Board of War and Ordnance and was thereby made in effect a one-man war department responsible for raising and equipping the American army and creating from scratch an American navy. As the prospects for a crucial wartime alliance with France improved late in 1777, he was chosen to join Benjamin Franklin in Paris to conduct the negotiations. In February 1778 he sailed for Europe, accompanied by 10-year-old John Quincy.

By the time Adams arrived in Paris, the treaty creating an alliance with France had already been concluded. He quickly returned home in the summer of 1779, just in time to join the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. The other delegates, acknowledging his constitutional expertise, simply handed him the job of drafting what became the Massachusetts constitution (1780), which immediately became the model for the other state constitutions and—in its insistence on a bicameral legislature and the separation of powers—a major influence on the United States Constitution.

The Congress then ordered Adams to rejoin Franklin in Paris to lead the American delegation responsible for negotiating an end to the war with Britain. This time he took along his youngest son, Charles, as well as John Quincy, leaving Abigail to tend the farm and the other two children in Braintree. Not until 1784, almost five years later, was the entire family reunited in Paris. By then Adams had shown himself an unnatural diplomat, exhibiting a level of candor and a confrontational style toward both English and French negotiators that alienated Franklin, who came to regard his colleague as slightly deranged. Adams, for his part, thought Franklin excessively impressed with his own stature as the Gallic version of the American genius and therefore inadequately attuned to the important differences between American and French interests in the peace negotiations. The favorable terms achieved in the Treaty of Paris (1783) can be attributed to the effective blend of Franklin's discretion and Adams's bulldog temperament. Adams's reputation for emotional explosions also dates from this period. Recent scholarly studies suggest that he might have suffered from a hyperthyroid condition subsequently known as Graves' disease.

In 1784 Jefferson arrived in Paris to replace Franklin as the American minister at the French court. Over the next few months, Jefferson became an unofficial member of the Adams family, and the bond of friendship between Adams and Jefferson was sealed, a lifelong partnership and rivalry that made the combative New Englander and the elegant Virginian the odd couple of the American Revolution. Jefferson also visited the Adams family in England in 1785, after Adams had assumed his new post as American ambassador in London. The two men also joined forces, though Adams as the senior figure assumed the lead, in negotiating a $400,000 loan from Dutch bankers that allowed the American government to consolidate its European debts.

Because he was the official embodiment of American independence from the British Empire, Adams was largely ignored and relegated to the periphery of the court during his nearly three years in London. Still brimming with energy, he spent his time studying the history of European politics for patterns and lessons that might assist the fledgling American government in its efforts to achieve what no major European nation had managed to produce—namely, a stable republican form of government.

The result was a massive and motley three-volume collection of quotations, unacknowledged citations, and personal observations entitled A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (1787). A fourth volume, Discourses on Davila (1790), was published soon after he returned to the United States. Taken together, these lengthy tomes contained Adams's distinctive insights as a political thinker. The lack of organization, combined with the sprawling style of the Defence, however, made its core message difficult to follow or fathom. When read in the context of his voluminous correspondence on political issues, along with the extensive marginalia he recorded in the several thousand books in his personal library, that message became clearer with time.

Adams wished to warn his fellow Americans against all revolutionary manifestos that envisioned a fundamental break with the past and a fundamental transformation in human nature or society that supposedly produced a new age. All such utopian expectations were illusions, he believed, driven by what he called "ideology," the belief that imagined ideals, so real and seductive in theory, were capable of being implemented in the world. The same kind of conflict between different classes that had bedeviled medieval Europe would, albeit in muted forms, also afflict the United States, because the seeds of such competition were planted in human nature itself. Adams blended the psychological insights of New England Puritanism, with its emphasis on the emotional forces throbbing inside all creatures, and the Enlightenment belief that government must contain and control those forces, to construct a political system capable of balancing the ambitions of individuals and competing social classes.

His insistence that elites were unavoidable realities in all societies, however, made him vulnerable to the charge of endorsing aristocratic rule in America, when in fact he was attempting to suggest that the inevitable American elite must be controlled, its ambitions channeled toward public purposes. He also was accused of endorsing monarchical principles because he argued that the chief executive in the American government, like the king in medieval European society, must possess sufficient power to check the ravenous appetites of the propertied classes. Although misunderstood by many of his contemporaries, the realistic perspective Adams proposed—and the skepticism toward utopian schemes he insisted upon—has achieved considerable support in the wake of the failed 20th-century attempts at social transformation in the communist bloc. In Adams's own day, his political analysis enjoyed the satisfaction of correctly predicting that the French Revolution would lead to the Reign of Terror and eventual despotism by a military dictator.

Soon after his return to the United States, Adams found himself on the ballot in the presidential election of 1789. He finished second to Washington (69 votes to 34 votes), which signaled three political realities: first, his standing as a leading member of the revolutionary generation was superseded only by that of Washington himself; second, his combative style and his recent political writings had hurt his reputation enough to preclude the kind of overwhelming support Washington enjoyed; third, according to the electoral rules established in the recent ratified Constitution, he was America's first vice president.

This meant that Adams was the first American statesman to experience the paradox of being a heartbeat away from maximum power while languishing in the political version of a cul-de-sac. Adams himself described the vice presidency as "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." His main duty was to serve as president pro tem of the Senate, casting a vote only to break a tie. During his eight years in office, Adams cast between 31 and 38 such votes, more than any subsequent vice president in American history. He steadfastly supported all the major initiatives of the Washington administration, including the financial plan of Alexander Hamilton, the Neutrality Proclamation (1793), which effectively ended the Franco-American Alliance of 1778, the forceful suppression of an insurrection in western Pennsylvania called the Whiskey Rebellion (1794), and the Jay Treaty (1795), a highly controversial effort to avoid war with England by accepting British hegemony on the high seas. When Washington announced his decision not to seek a third term in 1796, Adams was the logical choice to succeed him.

In the first contested presidential election in American history, Adams won a narrow electoral majority (71–68) over Jefferson, who thereby became vice president. Adams made an initial effort to bring Jefferson into the cabinet and involve him in shaping foreign policy, but Jefferson declined the offer, preferring to retain his independence. This burdened the Adams presidency with a vice president who was the acknowledged head of the rival political party, the Republicans. Additional burdens included: inheritance of Washington's cabinet, whom Adams unwisely decided to retain, and whose highest loyalty was to Washington's memory as embodied in Hamilton; a raging naval conflict with the French in the Caribbean dubbed the "quasi-war"; and the impossible task of succeeding—no one could replace—the greatest hero of the revolutionary era.

Despite Washington's plea for a bipartisan foreign policy in his farewell address (1796), the "quasi-war" produced a bitter political argument between Federalists, who preferred war with France to alienating Britain, and Republicans, who viewed France as America's only European ally and the French Revolution as a continuation of the American Revolution on European soil. Adams attempted to steer a middle course between these partisan camps, which left him vulnerable to political attacks from both sides. In 1797 he sent a peace delegation to Paris to negotiate an end to hostilities, but when the French directory demanded bribes before any negotiations could begin, Adams ordered the delegates home and began a naval buildup in preparation for outright war. The Federalist-dominated Congress called for raising a 30,000-man army, which Adams agreed to reluctantly. If Adams had requested a declaration of war in 1798, he would have enjoyed widespread popularity and virtually certain reelection two years later. Instead, he acted with characteristic independence by sending yet another, and this time successful, peace delegation to France against the advice of his cabinet and his Federalist supporters. The move ruined him politically but avoided a costly war that the infant American republic was ill-prepared to fight. It was a vintage Adams performance, reminiscent of his defense of British soldiers after the Boston Massacre, which was also principled and unpopular.

If ending the "quasi-war" with France was Adams's major foreign policy triumph, his chief domestic failure was passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which permitted the government to deport foreign-born residents and indict newspaper editors or writers who published "false, scandalous, and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States." A total of 14 indictments were brought against the Republican press under the sedition act, but the crudely partisan prosecutions quickly became infamous persecutions that backfired on the Federalists. Although Adams had signed the Alien and Sedition Acts under pressure from the Federalists in Congress, he shouldered most of the blame both at the time and in the history books. He came to regard the sedition act as the biggest political blunder of his life.

The election of 1800 again pitted Adams against Jefferson. Adams ran ahead of the Federalist candidates for Congress, who were swept from office in a Republican landslide. However, thanks to the deft maneuvering of Aaron Burr, all 12 of New York's electoral votes went to Jefferson, giving the tandem of Jefferson and Burr the electoral victory (73–65). Jefferson was eventually elected president by the House of Representatives, which chose him over Burr on the 36th ballot. In his last weeks in office, Adams made several Federalist appointments to the judiciary, including John Marshall as chief justice of the United States. These "midnight judges" offended Jefferson, who resented the encroachment on his own presidential prerogatives. Adams, the first president to reside in the presidential mansion in Washington, D.C., was also the first—and one of the very few—presidents not to attend the inauguration of his successor. On March 4, 1801, he was already on the road back to Quincy.

At age 65 Adams did not anticipate a long retirement. The fates proved more generous than he expected, providing him with another quarter century to brood about his career and life, add to the extensive marginalia in his books, settle old scores in his memoirs, watch with pride when John Quincy assumed the presidency, and add to his already vast and voluminous correspondence. In an extensive exchange of letters with Benjamin Rush, the Philadelphia physician and patriotic gadfly, Adams revealed his preoccupation with fame and developed his own theory of the role ambition plays in motivating man to public service. Along the way he placed on the record his own candid and often critical portraits of the other vanguard members of the revolutionary generation.

In 1812, thanks in part to prodding from Rush, he overcame his bitterness toward Jefferson and initiated a correspondence with his former friend and rival that totaled 158 letters. Generally regarded as the most intellectually impressive correspondence between American statesmen in all of American history, the dialogue between Adams and Jefferson touched on a host of timely and timeless subjects: the role of religion in history, the aging process, the emergence of an American language, the French Revolution, and the party battles of the 1790's. Adams put it most poignantly to Jefferson:"You and I ought not to die, before we have explained ourselves to each other."

More than the elegiac tone of the letters, the correspondence dramatized the contradictory impulses generated by the American Revolution and symbolized by the two aging patriarchs. Adams was the realist, the skeptic, the principled pessimist. Jefferson was the idealist, the romantic, the pragmatic optimist. As if according to a script written by providence, the “Sage of Quincy” and the “Sage of Monticello” died within hours of each other on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary to the day of the Declaration of Independence.

Summary of John Adams Pre-Presidential life Experience:
1. Named after his father.
2. 5' 6" tall.
3. Puritan. Unitarian branch of Congregationalism.
4. Taught to read by his father.
5. Excelled in math in his youth.
6. Four years at Harvard graduating in 1755.
7. Studied law and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1758.
8. Walked for exercise.
9. Courted Hannah Quincy daughter of Col. Josiah Quincy.
10. Successfully defended John Hancock in a smuggling case.
11. Defended the British Soldiers of the Boston Massacre.
12. Member of the Massachusetts Legislature 1770-1774.
13. Member of the Continental Congress 1774-1777.
14. Delegate to France 1778-1788.
15. Vice President 1789-1797.

Children from this marriage were:

   757 F    i. Abigail Adams-[18430] was born on 7-14-1765 and died on 8-13-1813 at age 48.

General Notes: Broke off her engagement to Royall Tyler, a high-spirited irresponsible youth and married William Stephens Smith. She died of cancer.

Abigail married William Stephens Smith-[23457] [MRIN:7906] in 1784.

General Notes: Surveyor of the Port of New York. U.S. Congressman from 1813-1815.

+ 758 M    ii. 6th President John Quincy Adams-[18428] was born on 7-11-1767 in Quincy, Massachusetts and died on 2-23-1848 in Speaker's Room. Congress, Washington D. C. at age 80.

   759 F    iii. Susanna Adams-[20089] was born on 12-23-1768 and died on 2-4-1770 at age 1.

   760 M    iv. Charles Adams-[18432] was born on 5-29-1770 and died about 1800 about age 30.

General Notes: Bright, engaging; died of alcoholism.

   761 M    v. Thomas Boylston Adams-[18431] was born on 9-15-1772.

General Notes: In his first case as a trial lawyer, he defended the owners of a local brothel. He built a practice in Philadelphia and served as secretary to his brother, John Quincy Adams. He too drank excessively and died in debt.

585. Rebecca Smith-[18439] (William Henry Smith⁴³⁷, Anna Shepard³⁷², Thomas Shepard³³⁵, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born c1734 and died on 11-25-1809 at age 75.

Rebecca married John Aspinwall-[18440] [MRIN:6290] on 6-5-1766. John died on 7-15-1774.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 762 M    i. John Aspinwall-[18441] was born on 2-10-1774 and died on 10-6-1847 at age 73.

586. Hannah Ruck-[18352] (Hannah Hutchinson⁴³⁸, Elijah Hutchinson³⁷³, Edward Hutchinson³³⁶, Anne Marbury³⁰⁷, Bridget Dryden²⁸³, Elizabeth Cope²⁶⁶, Bridget Raleigh²⁴⁹, Edward Raleigh²³², Sir Edward Raleigh²¹⁵, Elizabeth Greene¹⁹⁷, Sir Thomas Greene IV¹⁷⁴, Mary Talbot¹⁵⁷, Lord Richard de Talbot VII¹³⁴, Pernel Butler¹⁰⁷, Alionore de Bohun⁹³, Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1702 and died about 1767 about age 65.

Hannah married Theophilus Lillie-[18353] [MRIN:6245] in 1725 in Boston, Massachusetts. Theophilus was born in 1690 and died in 1760 at age 70.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 763 M    i. John Lillie-[18354] was born on 8-8-1728 in Boston, Massachusetts and died before 1766.

587. William Monroe-[18490] (Andrew Monroe⁴³⁹, Agnes Munro³⁷⁴, Janet Cumming³³⁷, Margaret Fraser³⁰⁸, Lady Elizabeth Stewart²⁸⁴, Lady Elizabeth Gordon²⁶⁷, Earl George Gordon²⁵⁰, Margaret Stewart²³³, King James Stuart IV "Iron Belt"²¹⁶, King James Stuart III¹⁹⁸, James Stuart II¹⁷⁶, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1666 and died in 1737 at age 71.

William married.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 764 M    i. Andrew Monroe-[18491] died in 1735.

588. Major James Stephen Bulloch-[18548] (Anne Irvine⁴⁴⁰, Ann Elizabeth Baillie³⁷⁵, Kenneth Baillie³³⁸, John Baillie³⁰⁹, Jean Mackenzie²⁸⁵, Kenneth Mackenzie²⁶⁸, Alexander Mackenzie²⁵¹, Colin Mackenzie²³⁴, Elizabeth Stewart²¹⁷, Earl John Stewart II¹⁹⁹, John Stewart¹⁸³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born c1793 and died in 1849 at age 56.

James married Martha Stewart-[18549] [MRIN:6349]. Martha was born c1799 and died c1862 at age 63.

The child from this marriage was:

+ 765 F    i. Martha Bulloch-[18550] was born on 7-8-1834 and died on 2-14-1884 at age 49.

591. Henry (Light Horse Harry) Lee-[12902] (Henry Lee⁴⁵⁰, Mary Bland³⁷⁷, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 1-19-1756 in Stratford, Virginia, died on 3-25-1818 in Cumberland Island, Georgia at age 62, and was buried in Greene's Private Cemetery, Dungeness, Cumberland Island, Georgia.

General Notes: Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee, born at Leesylvania near Dunfries, Virginia, was blonde, blue-eyed, and full of spirit. He graduated from Princeton in 1773 and returned home to prepared for war. His skill as a horseman, as well as his temperament, made him a natural cavalryman. He soon was commissioned as Captain in the fifth group of Virginia Light Dragoons and sent north to join the Continental Army.

Leading his men on lightning raids against enemy supply trains, Harry attracted the attention and admiration of General Washington and was rapidly promoted. In a surprise attack at Paulus Hook, New Jersey, he captured 400 British soldiers with the loss of only one man. His adroit horsemanship soon earned him the nickname "Light Horse Harry". When the military theatre shifted, he enjoyed equal success in the Southern Campaign.

Resigning his commission after the British surrender at Yorktown, Harry returned to Virginia to marry his cousin, the "divine Matilda" Lee. The wedding took place at Stratford and it is said that General Washington contributed several pipes of his best Madeira to the festive occasion. Matilda had inherited Stratford in the division of her father's estate and lived there with her new husband. The dashing young cavalryman, however, was no farmer. His interests in the livelier arena of politics led to Harry's election to the new Virginia House of Delegates. After only eight years of marriage, Matilda died in 1790, leaving three young children and a grief stricken husband.

Two years later, Harry was elected Governor of Virginia, serving three one-year terms. While living in Richmond, he fell in love with Ann Hill Carter of nearby Shirley Plantation. In 1793 they were married. His governorship behind him, he took his bride to Stratford.

Again, family life was interrupted by his appointment to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Upon the death of President George Washington, Harry was asked by Congress to deliver a tribute to his beloved general, describing him for posterity:

"First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen . . . second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life."

After the death of his idol, Harry's fortunes began to decline rapidly. The support of a family of six coupled with disastrous land speculation, reduced him to financial poverty, then, on January 19, 1807, in the large upstairs room at Stratford where so many Lees had come into the world, Ann gave birth to their fifth son, Robert Edward, named after two of his mother's favorite brothers. As Robert was learning to walk, his father was carried off to a debtor's prison in Montross.

With characteristic courage in a 12 by 15 foot prison cell, Harry wrote his "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States", still the standard text on that portion of the Revolutionary War. When the book was finished in 1810, the family moved to Alexandria where a new life on a modest scale was made possible by a legacy from Ann's father. Harry's eldest son, Henry, became master of Stratford.

Light Horse Harry's last years were marred by sorrow and pain. Internal injuries received when he was beaten by a mob as he defended a friend and freedom of the press in Baltimore, kept him in constant physical pain. He sought relief in the warm climate of the West Indies. When his health continued to decline, Harry attempted to return home but died on Cumberland Island, Georgia, in the home of the daughter of his former commander, Nathaniel Greene.
------------

By the Spring of 1790, American politicians such as George Washington and John Adams had cause to worry about the survival of the Union to which they had devoted their careers. Southerners remained angry over their inability to establish the capital on the Potomac and the northern demand that the federal government assume all state debts. Northerners expressed their frustrations openly, especially after the House rejected assumption on April 12. Prominent men in both sections began to question the viability of the Union. Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee wrote Madison that he would "rather myself submit to all the hazards of war and risk the loss of everything dear to me in life, than to live under the rule of a fixed insolent northern majority."

LETTER TO REP JAMES MADISON OF VIRGINIA FROM HENRY LEE, April 3, 1790.

Dear Sir

I am induced to address you on a subject which violates the rule I had lately prescribed to myself with respect to our public affairs.

A youth the son of Mr. Thomas L. Lee to whom I believe you was intimately known met me this morning on the road.

Bred to the mercantile line in one of the most respectable houses in our country and cut off from his expectations there, by the death of his principal Mr. Ritchie who was killed the other day in a duel, he is anxious to obtain a place in some of the departments of the general government. He is very humble in his wishes & is most solicitous to produce a birth under a character from whose example he will derive instruction & on whose patronage he can rely. He mentioned Mr. Jefferson & said that his deceased father & Mr. J he understood had been very friendly from an early acquaintance. I promised to write Mr. J on the subject which I have accordingly done & will thank you if you remind him of the matter, provided you can do it consistently with your mode of conduct. If the government should continue to exist, which by the bye is more & more eventful, the introduction of the southern youth as clerks in the high departments of the nation seems to me to be as sure tho slow means of Aiding the southern influence. They become as it were from their official education owners of the ministerial functions if their conduct & talents correspond with their prospective stations.

I wish our southern gentlemen would in due time attend to this material truth - if they do not a monopoly will take place from the northern hives in this, as in everything else in their power.

On the score of propriety & repose I had determined to suppress my anxious attention to the prosperity of the national government, for I really know not what conduct I may feel myself bound to observe in consequence of the mad policy which seems to direct the doings of Congress.

Therefore for the sake of propriety I wish to be done with government. On the score of tranquility & peace I am also desirous to be quiet, for every day adds testimony of the growing ill will of the people here to the government. To risk repose when good can result from it & the object in view is clearly right, I hold to be the indefensible duty of every good citizen, nor will I ever disobey the sacred injunction, but to do it in reverse circumstances is pursuing the commands of temerity and folly. Henry already is considered as a prophet, his predictions are daily verifying. His declaration with respect to the division of interest which would exist under the constitution and predominate in all the doings of the government already has been undeniably proved.

But we are committed and we cannot be relieved I fear only by disunion. To disunite is dreadful to my mind, but dreadful as it is, I consider it a lesser evil than union on the present conditions.

I had rather myself submit to all the hazards of war and risk the loss of everything dear to me in life, than to live under the rule of a fixed insolent northern majority. At present this is the case, nor do I see any prospect of alteration or alleviation.

Change of the seat of government to the territorial center, direct taxation and the abolition of gambling systems of finance might and would effect a material change. But these suggestions are vain and idle. No policy will be adopted by Congress which does more or less tend to depress the south and exalt the north. I have heard it asserted that your vice president should say the southern people were formed by nature to subserve the convenience and interests of the north. Very soon will his assertion be thoroughly exemplified. How do you feel, what do you think, is your love for the constitution so ardent, as to induce you to adhere to it tho it should produce ruin to your native country. I hope not, I believe not. However I will be done for it is disagreeable to utter unpleasant opinions. Yours always-

H. Lee

1756 - Henry Lee is born in Leesylvania, Prince William County, Virginia
1773 - Henry Lee graduates from Princeton.
1776 - Henry Lee is commissioned a Captain in Bland's Regiment of Virginia Light Cavalry.
1777 - Joins General George Washington's main army.
1778 - January 20 - Lee skirmishes with Captain Banatre Tarleton at the Spread Eagle Tave near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
1779 - August 19 - Lee captures the fort at Paulus Hook (Jersey City), New Jersey.
1779 - October 21 - Lee's Legion is formed with three companies of infantry to his cavalry.
1779 - November 6 - Lee is promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.
1781 - January 13 - Lee arrives in South Carolina.
1781 - January 24 - Lee joins Francis Marion (Swamp Fox) in actions at Georgetown, SC.
1781 - February 25 - Lee defeats Tory forces at Haw River, North Carolina.
1781 - March 15 - Lee is a part of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse.
1781 - April 15/23 - Lee and Francis Marion lay siege to Fort Watson, South Carolina
1781 - May 12 - Lee and Francis Marion secure the surrender of Fort Motte, South Carolina
1781 - May 15 - Lee secures the surrender of Fort Galphin, South Carolina
1781 - May 23/June 4 - Henry Lee supports the siege of Augusta, Georgia
1781 - June 8-19 - Henry Lee and Major General Nathaniel Greene lay siege to Post 96, South Carolina.
1781 - September 7 - Lee participates in the Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
1781 - October - Henry Lee is present at General George Washington's siege at Yorktown.
1781 - December 1 - Henry Lee sees action at Dorchester, South Carolina
1782 - February - Henry Lee is granted a leave of absence. He marries Matilda Lee.
1785 - Henry Lee is elected to Congress. Serves until 1788.
1790 - Matilda dies.
1791 - Henry Lee is elected governor of Virginia
1793 - Henry Lee marries Ann Carter Hill at Shirley Plantation, Virginia
1794 - Henry Lee commands troops at the Whiskey Rebellion.
1799 - Lee is elected to Congress
1802 - September 2 - Henry Lee's son, Sydney Smith Lee is born at Camden, New Jersey.
1807 - Henry Lee's son Robert Edward Lee is born at Stratford Hall, Virginia
1812 - Lee is severely injured during a riot - spends time in a debtors prison - writes Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department 1813 - Henry Lee sails for the West Indies to recuperate
1818 - March 25 - Henry Lee dies on Cumberland Island, Georgia.

Henry married Matilda Lee-[12904] [MRIN:4293], daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee-[12780] and Elizabeth Steptoe-[12779], in 1782. Matilda was born in 1764 in Stratford, Virginia and died in 1790 at age 26.

Noted events in her life were:

• Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, 1764.

• Alt. Death: Alt. Death, Abt 1790.

Children from this marriage were:

   766 F    i. Lucy Grymes Lee-[12921] was born in 1786 and died in 1860 at age 74.

+ 767 M    ii. Henry (Black Horse Harry) Lee-[12922] was born in 1787 in Startford Hall, Northumberland, Virginia and died on 1-30-1838 in Paris, Frances at age 51.

Henry next married Ann Hill Carter-[12897] [MRIN:4292] in 1793 in Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Ann was born in 10-1773 in Shirley Plantation, James River, Virginia, died on 7-29-1829 in Ravensworth Plantation, Fairfax County, Virginia at age 55, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

Children from this marriage were:

   768 M    i. Algernon Sydney Lee-[12908] was born on 4-2-1795 in Stratford, Virginia, died on 8-9-1796 in Westmoreland County, Virginia at age 1, and was buried in Sulley, Virginia.

   769 U    ii. Unknown Lee-[12907] was born in 1797.

   770 M    iii. Charles Carter Lee-[12909] was born on 11-8-1798 and died on 3-21-1871 at age 72.

   771 F    iv. Anne Kinloch Lee-[12910] was born on 6-19-1800 and died on 2-20-1864 at age 63.

   772 M    v. Sydney Smith Lee-[12911] was born on 9-2-1802 in Camden, New Jersey and died on 7-22-1869 at age 66.

+ 773 M    vi. Robert Edward Lee-[12905] was born on 1-19-1807 in Stratford Hall, Virginia, died on 10-12-1870 in Lexington, Virginia at age 63, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

   774 F    vii. Catherine Mildred Lee-[12912] was born on 2-27-1811 in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died in 1856 in Paris, France at age 45.

592. Charles Lee-[12866] (Henry Lee⁴⁵⁰, Mary Bland³⁷⁷, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1758 in Alexandria County, Virginia, died on 6-24-1815 in Warrenton, Fauquier County, Virginia at age 57, and was buried in Turkey Run Church.

General Notes: General Charles Lee. Served as Attorney General from 1795 - 1801 under President John Adams. He defended Aaron Burr and the famous treason trial.

Charles married Anne Lee-[12854] [MRIN:4288], daughter of Richard Henry Lee-[12805] and Anne Gaskins Pinkard-[12817], in 1789. Anne was born on 12-1-1770 in Chantilly, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 9-9-1804 in Alexandria County, Virginia at age 33.

Children from this marriage were:

   775 F    i. Anne Lucinda Lee-[12868] was born in 1790 and died in 1845 at age 55.

   776 M    ii. Son Lee-[12869] was born in 1791 and died in 1792 at age 1.

   777 M    iii. Richard Henry Lee-[12870] was born in 2-1793 and died in 3-1793.

   778 M    iv. Charles Henry Lee-[12871] was born in 10-1794.

   779 M    v. William Authur Lee-[12872] was born in 9-1796.

   780 M    vi. Alfred Lee-[12873] was born in 1799 and died in 1865 at age 66.

Charles next married Margaret Christian Scott-[12867] [MRIN:4287] in 1809. Margaret was born about 1795.

General Notes: Margaret had a previous marriage to Mr. Peyton. After Charles Lee passed away, she married John Glassell.

Children from this marriage were:

   781 M    i. Robert Eden Lee-[12874] was born in 1810 and died in 1843 at age 33.

   782 F    ii. Elizabeth Gordon Lee-[12875] was born in 1813.

   783 M    iii. Alexander Lee-[12876] was born in 1815 and died in 1815.

596. Edmund Jennings Lee-[12895] (Henry Lee⁴⁵⁰, Mary Bland³⁷⁷, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 5-20-1772 and died on 5-30-1843 at age 71.

Edmund married Sarah Lee-[12858] [MRIN:4302], daughter of Richard Henry Lee-[12805] and Anne Gaskins Pinkard-[12817], in 2-1789 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Sarah was born on 12-27-1775 in Chantilly, Westmoreland County, Virginia and died on 5-8-1837 in Alexandria County, Virginia at age 61.

Noted events in her life were:

• Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, 11-27-1775.

Children from this marriage were:

   784 M    i. Edmund Jennings Lee-[12941] was born in 1797 and died in 1877 at age 80.

   785 F    ii. Anne Harriotte Lee-[12942] was born in 1799.

   786 F    iii. Sarah Lee-[12943] .

   787 M    iv. William Fitzhugh Lee-[12944] was born in 1804 in Alexandria County, Virginia and died on 5-19-1837 in Virginia at age 33.

William married Mary Catherine Simms Chilton-[12945] [MRIN:4306].

   788 F    v. Hannah Lee-[12946] was born in 1806.

   789 M    vi. Cassius Francis Lee-[12947] was born in 1808.

Cassius married Hannah Philippa Ludwell Hopkins-[12948] [MRIN:4307].

   790 F    vii. Susan Meade Lee-[12949] was born in 1814.

   791 M    viii. Richard Henry Lee-[12950] .

611. Hon. Robert Beverley-[23496] (Robert Beverley⁴⁵⁷, Elizabeth Bland³⁷⁸, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 3-12-1769 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia and died in 5-1843 at age 74.

Robert married Jane Tayloe-[23497] [MRIN:7934], daughter of John Tayloe-[23528] and Rebecca Plater-[23529]. Jane was born in 3-1777 in Mt. Airy, Richmond County, Virginia and died on 5-10-1816 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia at age 39.

Children from this marriage were:

   792 M    i. William Bradshaw Beverley-[23530] was born in 1791 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia, died on 11-11-1866 in Selma, Loudon County, Virginia at age 75, and was buried in Leesburg, Virginia.

General Notes: Cotton Merchant. Graduate of Dickinson College.

+ 793 M    ii. James Bradshaw Beverley-[23531] was born in 1797 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia and died on 6-15-1853 in Selma, Loudon County, Virginia at age 56.

   794 F    iii. Maria Beverley-[23533] was buried in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia.

Maria married Dr. George Clarke-[23534] [MRIN:7951].

   795 F    iv. Rebecca Tayloe Beverley-[23535] died on 10-28-1822 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia.

   796 F    v. Jane Bradshaw Beverley-[23536] was born in 1805 and died on 10-22-1822 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia at age 17.

   797 F    vi. Roberta Beverley-[23537] .

Roberta married William Bernard Lightfoot-[23538] [MRIN:7952], son of Phillip Lightfoot-[23539] and Sally Sevigne Bernard-[23540].

625. Anne Bland Eaton-[15929] (Anne Bland⁴⁶², Theodorick Bland³⁷⁹, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 12-21-1763 and died on 12-6-1847 at age 83.

Anne married Col. Guilford Dudley-[15937] [MRIN:5314].

The child from this marriage was:

   798 F    i. Virginia Dudley-[23599] .

Virginia married Thomas W. Cash-[23600] [MRIN:7991]. Thomas was born in Williamson County, Tennessee.

627. Henry St. George Tucker-[15962] (Frances Bland⁴⁶⁴, Theodorick Bland³⁷⁹, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 12-29-1780 in Chesterfield County, Virginia, died on 8-28-1848 in Virginia at age 67, and was buried in Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

General Notes: Attorney. Served in the U.S. Congress beginning 1815 and served two terms.

Henry St. George Tucker was born in 1780 in Chesterfield County, Virginia and followed in the path of his father, St. George Tucker. He was a lawyer and dabbled in poetry. Tucker studied at the College of William and Mary where he graduated in 1801. He was admitted to the bar and began his legal practice in Winchester, Virginia. He served as a member of the Virginia house and senate and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served from 1815 to 1819. He was a superior court judge (1824-31), and was elected president of the Virginia Supreme Court in 1831. From 1841 to 1845 he was professor of law at the University of Virginia, before which he maintained a private law school. He was a soldier in the War of 1812 and author of both poetry and legal commentaries. His son, John Randolph Tucker (1823-1897), followed in his father's ways, as Henry St. George followed his father, St. George Tucker.

Tucker is buried at the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery in Lexington, Virginia.

Henry married Ann Evaline Hunter-[15968] [MRIN:7990] on 9-23-1806.

The child from this marriage was:

   799 M    i. John Randolph Tucker-[23598] was born on 12-24-1823 in Winchester, Virginia and died in 1897 at age 74.

General Notes: John Randolph was born at Winchester, Virginia, on December 24, 1823, the son of Henry St. George Tucker and the grandson of St. George Tucker. Like his father, he was a lawyer, professor, and politician. He served as attorney general of Virginia (1857-65), professor and dean at Washington and Lee University (1870-74, 1889-97), and U.S. Representative (1875-87). He practiced law from 1865 to 97 and argued many cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. Tucker is buried at Mt. Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, Virginia.

Noted events in his life were:

• SRC:University of West Virginia Library.

632. Ann Poythress Bland-[34267] (Richard Bland⁴⁶⁶, Lt. Richard Bland³⁸⁰, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

Ann married John Morrison-[34266] [MRIN:11613], son of Alexander Morrison-[34256] and Anne Bland-[34255]. John died in 3-1790.

The child from this marriage was:

   800 M    i. Wallace Morrison-[34269] .

646. Eliza Carter Randolph-[16371] (Col. Robert Randolph⁴⁸⁷, Col. Peter Randolph³⁸⁵, Col. William Randolph Jr.³⁴², Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 10-1782 and died in 1866 in Fauquier County, Virginia at age 84.

Eliza married Maj. Thomas Turner-[16379] [MRIN:5451] in 10-1798 in Charles City County, Virginia. Thomas was born in 4-1772 and died in 1-1839 at age 66.

The child from this marriage was:

   801 M    i. Edward Carter Turner-[16391] was born on 8-5-1816 in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia, died about 1891 in Fauquier County, Virginia about age 75, and was buried in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia.

Edward married Mary Magill Randolph-[16390] [MRIN:5460], daughter of Robert Lee Randolph-[16375] and Mary Buckner Thurston Magill-[16388]. Mary was born in 11-1833 in Eastern View, Fauquier County, Virginia.

Edward next married Sarah Jane Beverley-[23543] [MRIN:7955], daughter of James Bradshaw Beverley-[23531] and Jane Johns Peters-[23532], on 10-21-1840. Sarah was born on 6-22-1820 in Acrolophos, Georgetown, D.C. and died on 2-20-1865 in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia at age 44.

650. Robert Lee Randolph-[16375] (Col. Robert Randolph⁴⁸⁷, Col. Peter Randolph³⁸⁵, Col. William Randolph Jr.³⁴², Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1791.

Robert married Mary Buckner Thurston Magill-[16388] [MRIN:5458].

The child from this marriage was:

   802 F    i. Mary Magill Randolph-[16390] was born in 11-1833 in Eastern View, Fauquier County, Virginia.

Mary married Edward Carter Turner-[16391] [MRIN:5460], son of Maj. Thomas Turner-[16379] and Eliza Carter Randolph-[16371]. Edward was born on 8-5-1816 in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia, died about 1891 in Fauquier County, Virginia about age 75, and was buried in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia.

664. Judith Randolph-[17206] (Thomas Mann Randolph⁴⁹⁰, Col. William Randolph³⁸⁷, Thomas Randolph³⁴³, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 11-24-1772 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia.

Judith married Richard Randolph-[15965] [MRIN:5786], son of John Randolph-[15960] and Frances Bland-[15959], on 12-20-1789 in Henrico (Goochland) County, VA. Richard was born on 5-9-1770 in Virginia and died in 1796 at age 26.

General Notes: Richard Randolph, the eldest brother of Randolph of Roanoke, married his first cousin Judith. Richard was 19 and his lady love only 15 at the time, and the marriage, which took place the following year, proved one of the most tragic happenings of Virginia society of their generation. If the wise mother of Judith had been less subservient to the opinion of her husband and had actively opposed the union about which she had such evident foreboding, much sorrow might have been avoided.

Richard's character was lovable but weak, as his letters from childhood show, and poor Judith was a most unhappy wife. Richard's death followed shortly after the trial in which he and Nancy Randolph, his wife's sister, were accused of infanticide. Of that crime their vindication was complete, but it was followed by gossip and slander which were certainly contributing causes of Richard's death.

Of his two sons, Tudor and St. George (one named for his stepfather's brother, Thomas Tudor Tucker, and the other for his stepfather himself). The one died of consumption in the south of England, the other lived long as a deaf-mute and a madman, and the fact that with them, the line of John Randolph of Matoax and Bizarre ended, was probably the cause of much of the sorrow and bitterness which clouded the life of the last survivor of the family of John Randolph of Roanoke.

(see Ann Cary Randolph for the story of "Bizarre Plantation")

Noted events in his life were:

• SRC:University of Chicago Library.

(Duplicate Line. See Person 528)

665. Anne Cary Randolph-[17207] (Thomas Mann Randolph⁴⁹⁰, Col. William Randolph³⁸⁷, Thomas Randolph³⁴³, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 9-15-1774 in Tuckahoe Plantation, Goochland County, Virginia and died on 5-28-1837 in New York at age 62.

General Notes: The family resided at the Tuckahoe Plantation when Ann Cary was born. Her records show a birth in the St. James Northan Parish, Goochland County, Virginia.

Alan Pell Crawford -

The plantation called Bizarre was consumed by a fire that seems all to conveniently symbolic of the fate of a class that lived off the labor of African slaves. Sometimes all that remains, on some field that once produced the finest tobacco in the New World, are barns where the slaves hung the leaf to dry and the quarters where they slept.

One family that rose and fell with the antebellum tobacco economy, that built Bizarre and watched it burn, was the once-mighty Randolphs. One of the most important families in America at the time of its founding, the Randolphs were to Virginia what the Adams were to Massachusetts and the Roosevelts would be to New York - rich, socially prominent and politically fearsome.

The Randolphs amassed great wealth from tobacco, owned hundreds of slaves, built imposing mansions and produced generations of statesmen, generals and jurists. These include not only Edmund Randolph and Peyton Randolph but Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall and Robert E. Lee, whose mothers were all Randolphs. They also produced in 1774, Anne Cary "Nancy" Randolph, a high spirited girl whose story I've been researching for several years.

Nancy's story is the story of a family and its fall in the midst of wrenching social upheaval. That anything at all remains of the places where she grew up, suffered and endured is remarkable. The resourceful investigator who is determined to discover something of that vanished world - in little known places like Bizarre, and better known ones like Tuckahoe and Monticello - will not be disappointed.

Just about nobody knows precisely where Bizarre stood, nobody knows precisely what was going on there in the early 1790's when all the gossip started. That's when Nancy Randolph (Anne Cary), not yet 20, moved to the plantation to live with her big sister, Judith, and her sister's husband, Richard Randolph, who was the sister's cousin.

Nobody knows why Bizarre was called what it was, a mystery that has endured for centuries. The Randolphs never said. When the architect Benjamin Latrobe visited the plantation in June 1796, he noted in his journal that it was a "French name but not quite applicable to Mr. Richard Randolph's house at present for there was nothing bizarre about it that I can see." In French "bizarre" originally meant valorous and only later took on the more sinister connotation of the odd or fantastic that it has in English. Others through the years have speculated that the plantation was named for a wildflower that grows in the area, though even Virginia horticulture buffs seem never to have heard of such a plant.

In any case, the place will be remembered for Nancy Randolph alone, who seems an exotic enough specimen in her own right. Nancy was by every indication a fetching girl with a "little upturned nose", a gift for self-dramatization, remarkably little in the way of discretion, and oodles of sex appeal. Richard was a good-looking if somewhat directionless young man in his early twenties who had studied at Princeton and partied with the most sophisticated circles of Philadelphia society before coming home to Virginia to marry.

By the 1790's, when Nancy moved to Bizarre, the tobacco economy was collapsing and the way of life of the great Virginia slaveholding families had begun to disintegrate beneath their feet. Anti-slavery sentiment was building and the confidence of an entire class was crumbling. Many of the young men and women Nancy grew up with would never recover from the blow.

Almost as soon as Nancy arrived at Bizarre, visitors began to say that she and Richard were "too fond" of one another, considering that he was married to her sister and was their cousin besides. By the summer of 1792, Nancy began to gain weight without explanation, making people even more suspicious of her relationship with Richard. It was in the fall, when Richard and Nancy visited their cousins at Glentivar Plantation, that all hell broke loose.

The house at Glentivar, about 30 miles northeast of Farmville, near what is now Cartersville, was unfinished when the Randolphs came to call, with a pile of shingles in the yard. The original house is no longer standing. It was dismantled during the Randolphs' lifetime, but don't tell that to the old folks who rattle around in the brick house that replaced it on the property.

"A terrible crime happened here," one of them told me not long back. "There was a baby murdered in this house. We wish everybody would just forget about it."

That's unlikely, considering what happened - or was said to have happened.

On the last night of September, when everybody at Glentivar had gone to bed, Nancy's screams woke the household, but Richard blocked entry to her room. After the screaming stopped, someone - everybody assumed it was Richard - hustled downstairs, left the house and, moments later, returned.

The next morning, there were bloodstains on the staircase and the bedclothes. After the Randolphs left, Glentivar field hands told their master that they had discovered something in the shingle pile: a corpse of a white baby.

Storied Plantations - Virginia is like that. Around almost every bend of those country roads, just past the taxidermy shop and the abandoned filling station, there looms upon the hill a large and handsome plantation house with secrets it does not give up without a struggle. Tuckahoe, where Nancy was born, is one such house. Off River Road about 10 miles west of Richmond, Tuckahoe was built around 1710. Thomas Jefferson, a boyhood friend of Nancy's father, grew up there. "Built solely to answer the purposes of hospitality," in the words of one English visitor, Tuckahoe was a showplace when Nancy lived there and remains one today.

The grounds are always open to visitors, and the house, with its beautiful walnut paneling, can be toured if you call first and make an appointment. The character of the house and surrounding grounds is so well preserved that film crews regularly take over the property. Tuckahoe is also - those who have stayed there insist - conspicuously haunted. Shady ladies glide around its corridors, then disappear. A rocking chair is know to rock on its own, and invisible partygoers make merry in the middle of the night. An"unhappy bride" moves mournfully down the lane by the old stable.

It was not a happy place, certainly, when Nancy moved out from Tuckahoe and went to Bizarre. Her mother had died and her father had quickly married a rich family friend's very young daughter, despite the girl's objections. Nancy and her new stepmother quarreled from the start, and Nancy was kicked out. She went to live at Bizarre with her sister and brother-in-law. Things did not go more smoothly at Bizarre. After the ghastly night at Glentivar, slaves began to spread the story of their grisly discovery, and - fed up with the Randolphs' high handed ways - people of less exalted station put up a fuss. As a result, in the spring of 1793, Nancy and Richard were ordered to appear at Cumberland Court House, located midway between Farmville and Cartersville, and accused of "felonious murdering" their illegitimate child.

While Richard was locked up in the Cumberland jail, Nancy was released into the custody of the Randolph lawyers, two other well-known names from the period: a robust young John Marshall and a frail Patrick Henry. When court met on April 29, 1793, witnesses included Thomas Jefferson's daughter Patsy, who had married Nancy's brother Tom. Patsy said that, before the trip to Glentivar she had procured for Nancy a medicine called gum guaiacum, known to produce an abortion. Others testified that they had seen the defendants kiss. Some said they believed Nancy had been pregnant.

Because Virginia law prohibited slaves from testifying, there was no testimony from anyone who claimed to have seen the baby's corpse. Charges were dropped.

That was hardly the end of the story. The Randolphs returned to Bizarre. There, three years later, at 26, Richard suddenly died, under circumstances that remain mysterious. Nancy and her sister, the now widowed Judith, continued to live together, and as Judith stewed over evidence presented in court that Nancy and Richard may have been lovers, if not outright murderers - their relationship deteriorated. Before long, Judith - who by now called Nancy "the blaster of my happiness" - was treating her like one of the servants.

One of the few times Nancy left Bizarre was in the summer of 1800 when she was allowed to visit her Jefferson cousins at Monticello, near Charlottesville. Monticello is well worth a visit, but when Nancy was there, it did not look like it does today any more than Williamsburg - where she used to stay at the St. George Tucker House - looked like it does today.

By the time of American independence, Williamsburg was already in decline. When Nancy went to Monticello, she found the house in a "terrible state of dilapidation." Jefferson as usual was at work on the place, which resembled a construction site. Shortly after his death in 1826, the family labored under debts he left them and had to strip the place and sell its furnishings.

Money was also tight at Bizarre, especially after John Randolph - brother to Richard, cousin of Nancy, another storied member of the clan who is know as Randolph of Roanoke - began his notorious political career. After debating Patrick Henry at Charlotte Court House, he was elected to Congress, where he established a reputation as the wittiest orator in the Capitol. A historical marker describes the famous debate.

Convinced Nancy had poisoned his beloved brother Richard, John also commenced a lifelong campaign against her. Shortly after his return from Washington in 1805, he told her she was no longer welcome at Bizarre. She had better leave quickly, he said, because she had been taking "as many liberties" at Bizarre as she would "in a tavern".

At 31, unmarried, penniless and reduced "to a condition of total despair," Nancy headed back home to Tuckahoe. The mansion was by now abandoned, so that Nancy used aspen boughs to make a pallet and tried to sleep. For the next several months, she shifted from plantation to plantation, before moving to Richmond. There she took a room in the house of a couple who ran a disreputable riverfront amusement park near the site of the old Tredegar Iron Works, which manufactured cannons for the Confederate army. During her time in Richmond, Randolph of Roanoke would claim she supported herself by prostitution.

About the time Nancy left Richmond and headed for New York, John Randolph quarreled with Judith and moved to Roanoke Plantation. There, in a cluster of cabins that still stand today, he existed between congressional sessions in a condition of "savage solitude". He made this his home until his death in 1833. For much of the time he spent there, he read Byron, took opium and pursued his vendetta against Nancy.

One day, Nancy was visited at her Greenwich boardinghouse in New York by the rich Gouverneur Morris, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and an old friend of her fathers. Morris asked her to come to his Harlem River Estate, called Morrisania, as his housekeeper. With no better prospects, Nancy took the job. On December 25, 1809, Morris shocked family members he had invited to Christmas dinner by having a clergyman present and marrying her on the spot.

Anne married Gouverneur Morris-[17213] [MRIN:5785] on 12-25-1809 in Morrisania, New York. Gouverneur was born on 1-31-1752 in Morrisania, New York, died on 11-6-1816 in Morrisania, New York at age 64, and was buried in St. Annes's Episcopal Church Cemetery, The Bronx, New York.

General Notes: Excerpts from an article by Richard Brookhiser -

Gouverneur Morris, author of the Constitution and the most famous forgotten man in New York, is buried on a remnant of the 1,900 acre estate his family once owned in what is now the South Bronx. When the Number Six train stops at Brook Avenue and 138th Street, it leaves you on a poor but bustling main drag, dotted with fast food restaurants and cheap clothing and furniture outlets. If you walk a block east and three blocks north you come to St. Anne's, an old Episcopal Church built by Gouverneur Morris II in 1841 in honor of his mother. In the yard behind a fence stands a tablet erected by the state of New York in honor of Gouverneur Morris, listing his dates (1752 - 1816) and his accomplishments: his hand in two constitutions (New York and the United States), George Washington's minister to France, projector of the Erie Canal. Before I visited, I had called the rector to tell her that I was a biographer, and she kindly showed me the stained glass, the list on the sanctuary wall of seventeenth and eighteenth century Morrises, and Gouverneur's mausoleum, whose half sunken entrance is sheltered by a huge elm, the shape of an umbrella. There is nothing else to see.

The congregation, like the neighborhood, is almost entirely Hispanic, and I cannot imagine that they give much thought to the father of their church's founder. In this they are not alone. Only the most comprehensive guides to the city mention Morris's grave. Morris himself has been the subject of only nine books (two of them in French). Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence probably gets nine books written about him every five years. Amazingly, there are now three biographies of Morris in the works.

One barrier to Morris' fame has been his first name, how to pronounce it. Another has been the curse of New York. If the author of the Constitution had been born in Boston or Virginia, his grave would have walking tours and heritage trails. There would be a statue and great pronouncements by the founding fathers. Yet, there is a deeper reason for Morris' obscurity; he does not fit the template of what we think of as a founding father. Morris was a funny man. The Founders mostly were not and we would not wish them to have been otherwise for they had serious work to do. Franklin could be funny when he chose to be, John Adams was funny when he couldn't help it which was usually when he was enumerating the vices of some enemy. But Washington leading his troops, Jefferson and Madison contemplating their theories, and Hamilton balancing the books were all earnest men, not to be distracted from their duties.

A good joke always distracted Morris. The one story about him that everyone knows is about a humorous bet. Alexander Hamilton offered to buy Morris dinner if he could go up to Washington, president of the Convention, hero of the Revolution, and father of his country, slap him on the shoulder and say, "My dear General, I am glad to see you looking so well." Morris executed the shoulder slap and won the dinner. Afterwards he said the look Washington gave him had been one of the worst moments of his life. The story is probably not true. But it tells us something about what others thought of Morris' character, his contemporaries expected a light heart from him.

Another way in which Morris stands out from his peers is not evident to us, though it was to him and that is his background - all those forefathers listed on the wall of St. Anne's. Most of the Founders were men of wealth or at least middling means. Several of them had been involved in colonial politics before the imperial system began showing its pre-revolutionary strains in the mid-1760's. Morris belonged to the governing elite of three colonies. Gouverneur's grandfather, Lewis Morris, was the leader of one of the two factions that divided the New York colonial assembly between then, broadly speaking, the lineup pitted merchants and Anglican vs landowners and other Protestants. In this role, Grandfather Morris tormented colonial governors of New York so successfully that London had to buy off by making him governor of New Jersey. Gouverneur's uncle, Robert Hunter Morris became governor of Pennsylvania. When he took the job he asked a leading politician, Benjamin Franklin how he would get along with the colonies' legislators. Franklin told him he would get along well, so long as he did not quarrel with them. "You know I love disputing," the new governor answered. "It is one of my great pleasures." For Gouverneur Morris, power lacked the charm of unfamiliarity. It was something he could always take or leave because his family had taken so m