Kings, Queens, Presidents and First Ladies

746. Benjamin Kendrick-[18162] (Abigail Bowen⁵⁶⁶, John Bowen⁴²⁸, Henry Bowen³⁵⁴, Griffith Bowen³²⁵, Francis Bowen²⁹⁸, Philip Bowen²⁷⁵, Gruffydd ap Owain²⁵⁸, Owain ap Jenkin²⁴¹, Jenkin ap Euan Gwyn²²⁴, Ieuan Gwyn ap Hywel Gam²⁰⁷, Hywel Melyn ap Gwilym Gam¹⁸⁹, Gwilym Gam ap Hywel Fychan¹⁶⁶, Hywel Fychan ap Hywel¹⁴⁹, Ann verch Gwilym¹²⁶, Gwilym ap Jenkin¹⁰¹, Jenkins ap Gwrgi⁸⁷, Ann Maelog⁷⁴, Joan verch Rhys⁷⁰, Rhys ap Gruffudd⁶⁷, Mabel FitzRobert⁵⁷, William (Earl)⁵⁰, Robert de Caen (Earl)⁴¹, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 1-30-1723 and died on 11-13-1812 at age 89.

Benjamin married Sarah Harris-[18163] [MRIN:6144] on 3-1-1750. Sarah was born on 1-22-1729 and died on 5-27-1818 at age 89.

+ 807 F i. Anna Kendrick-[18164] was born on 10-30-1768 and died on 12-7-1838 at age 70.

749. Elizabeth Jewett-[18308] (Nathan Jewett⁵⁷⁰, Mary Hibbert⁴³², Hannah Gibbons³⁶⁷, Judith Lewis³³⁰, Elizabeth Marshall³⁰², Katherine Mitton²⁷⁹, Edward Harpersfield²⁶², Joyce Mitton²⁴⁵, Constance de Beaumont²²⁸, Eleanor Sutton²¹¹, John de Sutton VI¹⁹³, John de Sutton V¹⁷⁰, Sir John de Sutton IV¹⁵³, Katherine de Stafford¹³⁰, Baroness Margaret de Audley¹⁰⁵, Margaret de Clare⁹⁰, Joan of Acre⁷⁸, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹).

756. William Cleveland-[18395] (Abiah Hyde⁵⁸⁰, James Hyde⁴³⁵, Experience Abell³⁷⁰, Caleb Abell³³³, Robert Abell III³⁰⁵, Frances Cotton²⁸¹, Mary Mainwaring²⁶⁴, Arthur Mainwaring²⁴⁷, Dorothy Corbet²³⁰, Elizabeth Vernon²¹³, Anne Talbot¹⁹⁵, Elizabeth Butler¹⁷², Joan de Beauchamp¹⁵⁵, Joan FitzAlan¹³², Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 12-20-1770 in Norwich, CT and died on 8-18-1837 in Black Rock, New York at age 66.

758. 6th President John Quincy Adams-[18428] (Abigail Smith⁵⁸², Elizabeth Quincy⁴³⁶, Col. John Quincy³⁷¹, Anna Shepard³³⁴, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 7-11-1767 in Quincy, Massachusetts and died on 2-23-1848 in Speaker's Room. Congress, Washington D. C. at age 80.

General Notes: born July 11, 1767, Braintree [now Quincy], Mass. [U.S.]
died Feb. 23, 1848, Washington, D.C., U.S.

The eldest son of President John Adams and sixth president of the United States (1825–29). In his prepresidential years he was one of America's greatest diplomats (formulating, among other things, what came to be called the Monroe Doctrine); in his postpresidential years (as U.S. congressman, 1831–48) he conducted a consistent and often dramatic fight against the expansion of slavery.

John Quincy Adams entered the world at the same time that his maternal great-grandfather, John Quincy, for many years a prominent member of the Massachusetts legislature, was leaving it; hence his name. He grew up as a child of the American Revolution. He watched the Battle of Bunker Hill from Penn's Hill and heard the cannons roar across the Back Bay. His patriot father, John Adams, at that time a delegate to the Continental Congress, and his patriot mother, Abigail Smith Adams, had a strong molding influence on his education after the war had deprived Braintree of its only schoolmaster. In 1778 and again in 1780 the boy accompanied his father to Europe. He studied at a private school in Paris in 1778–79 and at the University of Leiden, Netherlands, in 1780. Thus, at an early age he acquired an excellent knowledge of the French language and a smattering of Dutch. In 1780, also, he began to keep regularly the diary that forms so conspicuous a record of his doings and those of his contemporaries through the next 60 years of American history. Self-appreciative, like most of the Adams clan, he once declared that, if his diary had been even richer, it might have become "next to the Holy Scriptures, the most precious and valuable book ever written by human hands."

In 1781, at the age of 14, he accompanied Francis Dana, United States envoy to Russia, as his private secretary and interpreter of French. Dana, after lingering for more than a year in St. Petersburg, was not received by the Russian government, so in 1782, Adams, returning by way of Scandinavia, Hanover, and the Netherlands, joined his father in Paris. There he acted, in an informal way, as an additional secretary to the American commissioners in the negotiation of the treaty of peace that concluded the American Revolution. Instead of remaining in London with his father, who had been appointed United States minister to the Court of St. James's, he chose to return to Massachusetts, where he attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787. He then read law at Newburyport under the tutelage of Theophilus Parsons, and in 1790 he was admitted to the bar in Boston. While struggling to establish a practice, he wrote a series of articles for the newspapers in which he controverted some of the doctrines in Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. In another later series he ably supported the neutrality policy of George Washington's administration as it faced the war that broke out between France and England in 1793. These articles were brought to President Washington's attention and resulted in Adams's appointment as U.S. minister to the Netherlands in May 1794.

The Hague was then the best diplomatic listening post in Europe for the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France. Young Adams's official dispatches to the secretary of state and his informal letters to his father, who was then the vice president, kept the government well informed of the diplomatic activities and wars of the distressed Continent and the danger of becoming involved in the European vortex. These letters were also read by President Washington: some of Adams's phrases, in fact, appeared in Washington's Farewell Address of 1796. During the absence of Thomas Pinckney, the regular United States minister to Great Britain, Adams transacted public business in London with the British Foreign Office relating to the exchange of ratifications of the Jay Treaty of 1794 between the United States and Great Britain. In 1796 Washington, who came to regard young Adams as the ablest officer in the foreign service, appointed him minister to Portugal, but before his departure his father became president and changed the young diplomat's destination to Prussia.

John Quincy Adams was married in London in 1797, on the eve of his departure for Berlin, to Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852), daughter of the United States consul Joshua Johnson, a Marylander by birth, and his wife, Katherine Nuth, an Englishwoman. Adams had first met her when he was 12 years old and his father was minister to France. Fragile in health, she suffered from migraine headaches and fainting spells. Yet she proved to be a gracious hostess who played the harp and was learned in Greek, French, and English literature. Accompanying her husband on his various missions in Europe, she came to be regarded as one of the most-traveled women of her time.

Johnson was not, however, Adams's first love. When he was 14 years old, he had had a "crush" on an actress he saw perform in France, and for years afterward, he confessed, she was in his dreams. At age 22 he fell deeply in love with one Mary Frazier but was dissuaded from marrying her by his mother, who insisted that he was not able to support a wife. Ultimately, Adams could see that, in marrying a rich heiress like Louisa Johnson, he might be able to enjoy the leisure to pursue a career as a writer, but her family suffered business reverses and declared bankruptcy only a few weeks after the wedding.

The union had many stormy moments. Adams was cold and often depressed, and he admitted that his political adversaries regarded him as a“gloomy misanthropist" and "unsocial savage." His wife is said to have regretted her marriage into the Adams family. The loss of two sons in adulthood—and a daughter in infancy—may have heightened the strains between husband and wife. The eldest son, George Washington Adams, was a gambler, womanizer, and alcoholic whose death by drowning may have been suicide. The second son, John Adams II, succumbed to alcohol. He remains the only son of a president who was married in the President's (White) House. On that occasion, the president unbent and danced the Virginia reel. A third son, Charles Francis Adams, brought honor to the family name once again, being elected to the House of Representatives and serving as United States minister to England during the American Civil War.

While in Berlin, Adams negotiated (1799) a treaty of amity and commerce with Prussia. Recalled from Berlin by President Adams after the election of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency in 1800, the younger Adams reached Boston in 1801 and the next year was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. In 1803 the Massachusetts legislature elected him a member of the Senate of the United States.

Up to this time John Quincy Adams was regarded as belonging to the Federalist Party, but he found its general policy displeasing. He was frowned upon as the son of his father by the followers of Alexander Hamilton and by reactionary groups, and he soon found himself practically powerless as an unpopular member of an unpopular minority. Actually he was not then, and indeed never was, a strict party man; all through his life, ever aspiring to higher public service, he considered himself a “man of my whole country.” Adams arrived in Washington too late to vote for ratification of the treaty for the purchase of Louisiana, which had been opposed by the other Federalist senators, but he voted for the appropriations to carry it into effect and announced that he would have voted for the purchase treaty itself. Nevertheless, he joined his Federalist colleagues in voting against a bill to enable the president to place officials of his own appointment in control of the newly acquired territory; such a bill, Adams vainly protested, overstepped the constitutional powers of the presidency, violated the right of self-government, and imposed taxation without representation. In December 1807 he supported President Jefferson's suggestion of an embargo to essentially stop all commerce with other nations (an attempt to gain British recognition of American rights) and vigorously urged instant action, saying: “The President has recommended the measure on his high responsibility. I would not consider, I would not deliberate; I would act!” Within five hours the Senate had passed the embargo bill and had sent it to the House of Representatives. Support of this measure, hated by the Federalists and unpopular in New England because it stifled the region's economy, cost Adams his seat in the Senate. His successor was chosen on June 3, 1808, several months before the usual time of electing a senator for the next term, and five days later Adams resigned. In the same year he attended the Republican congressional caucus, which nominated James Madison for the presidency, and thus he allied himself with that party. From 1806 to 1809 Adams was Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard College.

In 1809 President Madison sent Adams to Russia to represent the United States at the court of Tsar Alexander I. He arrived at St. Petersburg at the psychologically important moment when the Tsar had made up his mind to break with Napoleon. Adams therefore met with a favorable reception and a disposition to further the interests of American commerce in every possible way. From this vantage point he watched and reported Napoleon's invasion of Russia and the final disastrous retreat and dissolution of France's Grand Army. On the outbreak of the war between the United States and England in 1812, he was still in St. Petersburg. That September the Russian government suggested that the Tsar was willing to act as mediator between the two belligerents. Madison precipitately accepted this proposition and sent Albert Gallatin and James Bayard to act as commissioners with Adams, but England would have nothing to do with it. In August 1814, however, these gentlemen, with Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell, began negotiations with English commissioners that resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 of that year. Adams then visited Paris, where he witnessed the return of Napoleon from Elba, and next went to London, where, with Clay and Gallatin, he negotiated (1815) a “Convention to Regulate Commerce and Navigation.” Soon afterward he became U.S. minister to Great Britain, as his father had been before him, and as his son, Charles Francis Adams, was to be after him. After accomplishing little in London, he returned to the United States in the summer of 1817 to become secretary of state in the cabinet of President James Monroe. This appointment was primarily due to his diplomatic experience but also due to the president's desire to have a sectionally well-balanced cabinet in what came to be known as the Era of Good Feeling.

As secretary of state, Adams played the leading part in the acquisition of Florida. Ever since the acquisition of Louisiana, successive administrations had sought to include at least a part of Florida in that purchase. In 1819, after long negotiations, Adams succeeded in getting the Spanish minister to agree to a treaty in which Spain would abandon all claims to territory east of the Mississippi River, the United States would relinquish all claims to what is now Texas, and a boundary of the United States would be drawn (for the first time) from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This Transcontinental Treaty was perhaps the greatest victory ever won by a single man in the diplomatic history of the United States. Adams himself was responsible for the idea of extending the country's northern boundary westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific—considered a stroke of diplomatic genius. To use his own word, it marked a triumphant “epocha” in U.S. continental expansion. Before the Spanish government ratified the Transcontinental Treaty in 1819, however, Mexico (including Texas) had thrown off allegiance to the mother country, and the United States had occupied Florida by force of arms.

As secretary of state, Adams was also responsible for conclusion of the treaty of 1818 with Great Britain, laying down the northern boundary of the United States from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the line of latitude 49° N. Years later, as a member of the House of Representatives, he supported latitude 49° N as the boundary of Oregon from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean: “I want that country for our Western pioneers.” In fact, President James K. Polk's Oregon treaty of 1846 drew that boundary along the line of 49°. The Monroe Doctrine rightly bears the name of the president who in 1823 assumed the responsibility for its promulgation, but its formulation was the work of John Quincy Adams more than of any other single man.

As President Monroe's second term drew to a close in 1824, there was a lack of good feeling among his official advisers, three of whom—Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, and Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford—aspired to succeed him. Henry Clay, speaker of the House, and General Andrew Jackson were also candidates. Calhoun was nominated for the vice presidency. Of the other four, Jackson received 99 electoral votes for the presidency, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37; because no one had a majority, the decision was made by the House of Representatives, which was confined in its choice to the three candidates who had received the largest number of votes. Clay, who had for years assumed a censorious attitude toward Jackson, cast his influence for Adams, whose election was thereby secured on the first ballot. A few days later Adams offered Clay the office of secretary of state, which he accepted. Jackson's supporters charged a "corrupt bargain" and turned Adams's term in office into a four-year campaign to win for their man what they regarded as his rightful place, the presidency.

Up to this point Adams's career had been almost uniformly successful, but his presidency (1825–29), during which the country prospered, was in most respects a political failure because of the virulent opposition of the Jacksonians. Adams worked hard, rising between four and six o'clock in the morning and often going for a walk around the city or for a swim in the Potomac River before breakfast. Once he almost drowned as the sleeves of his blouse filled with water and weighed him down. But he knew he was not a man of the people. He had admitted in his inaugural address that he was "less possessed of your confidence...than any of my predecessors." He favored, among other forward-looking proposals, creating a national university and a national astronomical observatory; he wished the western territories to be held in trust by the federal government and developed only gradually; and he proposed a vast expansion of the country's roads with federal aid. Congress turned a generally deaf ear to his initiatives.

In 1828 Jackson was elected president over Adams, with 178 electoral votes to Adams's 83. It was during Jackson's administration that irreconcilable differences developed between his followers and those of Adams, the latter becoming known as the National Republicans, who, with the Anti-Masons, were the precursors of the Whigs. Adams's intense dislike of Jackson and what he represented remained unabated. When Harvard College in 1833 awarded Jackson an honorary degree, Adams refused to attend the ceremony at his alma mater. He avowed that he would not "be present to witness [Harvard's] disgrace in conferring its highest honors upon a barbarian who could not write a sentence of grammar and could hardly spell his own name."

Adams had retired to private life in 1829 in the Massachusetts town of Quincy, but only for a brief period; in 1830, supported largely by members of the Anti-Masonic movement (a political force formed initially in opposition to Freemasonry), he was elected a member of the national House of Representatives. When it was suggested to him that his acceptance of this position would degrade a former president, Adams replied that no person could be degraded by serving the people as a representative in Congress or a selectman of his town. He served in the House of Representatives from 1831 until his death, in 1848. But he had not abandoned his hopes for a reelection to the presidency—whether as nominee of the Anti-Masonic Party (in which he was very active as long as that party had political possibilities) or of the National Republican Party or of a union of both or even of the later Whig Party—always in his own mind as a “man of the whole nation.” Gradually, these hopes faded.

Adams's long second career in Congress was at least as important as his earlier career as a diplomat. Throughout, he was conspicuous as an opponent of the expansion of slavery and was at heart an Abolitionist, though he never became one in the political sense of the word. In 1839 he presented to the House of Representatives a resolution for a constitutional amendment providing that every child born in the United States after July 4, 1842, should be born free; that, with the exception of Florida, no new state should be admitted into the Union with slavery; and that neither slavery nor the slave trade should exist in the District of Columbia after July 4, 1845. The“gag rules,” a resolution passed by Southern members of Congress against all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives, effectively blocked any discussion of Adams's proposed amendment. His prolonged fight for the repeal of the gag rules and for the right of petition to Congress for the mitigation or abolition of slavery was one of the most dramatic contests in the history of Congress. These petitions, from individuals and groups of individuals from all over the Northern states, increasingly were sent to Adams, and he dutifully presented them. Adams contended that the gag rules were a direct violation of the First Amendment to the federal Constitution, and he refused to be silenced on the question, fighting indomitably for repeal in spite of the bitter denunciation of his opponents. Each year the number of antislavery petitions received and presented by him grew greatly. Perhaps the climax was in 1837 when Adams presented a petition from 22 slaves and, threatened by his opponents with censure, defended himself with remarkable keenness and ability. At each session the majority against him decreased until, in 1844, his motion to repeal the standing 21st (gag) rule of the House was carried by a vote of 108 to 80, and his long battle was over.

Another spectacular contribution by Adams to the antislavery cause was his championing of the cause of Africans arrested aboard the slave ship Amistad—slaves who had mutinied and escaped from their Spanish owners off the coast of Cuba and had wound up bringing the ship into United States waters near Long Island, New York. Adams defended them as freemen before the Supreme Court in 1841 against efforts of the administration of President Martin Van Buren to return them to their masters and to inevitable death. Adams won their freedom.

As a member of Congress—in fact, throughout his life—Adams supported the improvement of the arts and sciences and the diffusion of knowledge. He did much to conserve the bequest of James Smithson (an eccentric Englishman) to the United States and to create and endow the Smithsonian Institution with the money from Smithson's estate.

Perhaps the most dramatic event in Adams's life was its end. On February 21, 1848, in the act of protesting an honorary grant of swords by Congress to the generals who had won what Adams considered a “most unrighteous war” with Mexico, he suffered a cerebral stroke, fell unconscious to the floor of the House, and died two days later in the Capitol building. His obsequies in Washington and in his native Massachusetts assumed the character of a nationwide pageant of mourning. Senator Thomas Hart Benton, the main eulogist at the service in the Capitol, asked: "Where would death have found him except at the place of duty?"

Few men in American public life have possessed more independence, more public spirit, and more ability than did Adams. Still, throughout his political career he was handicapped by a certain personal reserve and austerity and coolness of manner that prevented him from appealing to the imaginations and affections of the people. He had few intimate friends, and not many men in American history have been regarded, during their lifetimes, with so much hostility or attacked with so much rancor by their political opponents.

John married Louisa Catherine Johnson-[18429] [MRIN:6286], daughter of Joshua Johnson-[20083] and Catherine Nuth-[20084], on 7-26-1797 in London, England. Louisa was born on 2-12-1775 in London, England and died on 5-15-1852 in Washington D. C. at age 77.

762. John Aspinwall-[18441] (Rebecca Smith⁵⁸⁵, William Henry Smith⁴³⁷, Anna Shepard³⁷², Thomas Shepard³³⁵, Anna Tyng³⁰⁶, Elizabeth Coytmore²⁸², Capt. Rowland Coytmore²⁶⁵, Jane Williams²⁴⁸, Dorothy Griffith²³¹, Jane Stradling²¹⁴, Thomas Stradling¹⁹⁶, Sir Henry Stradling¹⁷³, Jane Beaufort¹⁵⁶, Alice FitzAlan¹³³, Elizabeth de Bohun¹⁰⁶, Earl William de Bohun⁹², Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 2-10-1774 and died on 10-6-1847 at age 73.

John married Susan Howland-[18442] [MRIN:6291] on 11-27-1803. Susan was born on 5-20-1779 and died on 12-23-1852 at age 73.

763. John Lillie-[18354] (Hannah Ruck⁵⁸⁶, Hannah Hutchinson⁴³⁸, Elijah Hutchinson³⁷³, Edward Hutchinson³³⁶, Anne Marbury³⁰⁷, Bridget Dryden²⁸³, Elizabeth Cope²⁶⁶, Bridget Raleigh²⁴⁹, Edward Raleigh²³², Sir Edward Raleigh²¹⁵, Elizabeth Greene¹⁹⁷, Sir Thomas Greene IV¹⁷⁴, Mary Talbot¹⁵⁷, Lord Richard de Talbot VII¹³⁴, Pernel Butler¹⁰⁷, Alionore de Bohun⁹³, Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet⁸¹, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 8-8-1728 in Boston, Massachusetts and died before 1766.

John married Abigail Breck-[18355] [MRIN:6246] on 8-16-1754 in Boston, Massachusetts. Abigail was born on 6-19-1732 in Boston, Massachusetts and died on 10-28-1819 at age 87.

+ 815 F i. Anna Lillie-[18356] was born about 1760 in Boston, Massachusetts and died in 12-1804 in Andover, Massachusetts about age 44.

764. Andrew Monroe-[18491] (William Monroe⁵⁸⁷, Andrew Monroe⁴³⁹, Agnes Munro³⁷⁴, Janet Cumming³³⁷, Margaret Fraser³⁰⁸, Lady Elizabeth Stewart²⁸⁴, Lady Elizabeth Gordon²⁶⁷, Earl George Gordon²⁵⁰, Margaret Stewart²³³, King James Stuart IV "Iron Belt"²¹⁶, King James Stuart III¹⁹⁸, James Stuart II¹⁷⁶, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) died in 1735.

765. Martha Bulloch-[18550] (Major James Stephen Bulloch⁵⁸⁸, Anne Irvine⁴⁴⁰, Ann Elizabeth Baillie³⁷⁵, Kenneth Baillie³³⁸, John Baillie³⁰⁹, Jean Mackenzie²⁸⁵, Kenneth Mackenzie²⁶⁸, Alexander Mackenzie²⁵¹, Colin Mackenzie²³⁴, Elizabeth Stewart²¹⁷, Earl John Stewart II¹⁹⁹, John Stewart¹⁸³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁶⁰, Earl of Somerset John Beaufort¹³⁸, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 7-8-1834 and died on 2-14-1884 at age 49.

Martha married Theordore Roosevelt-[18551] [MRIN:6350] on 12-22-1853. Theordore was born on 9-22-1831 and died on 2-9-1878 at age 46.

817 M i. 26th President Theodore Roosevelt-[18552] was born on 10-27-1858 in New York and died on 1-6-1919 in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York at age 60.

General Notes: born October 27, 1858, New York, New York, U.S.
died January 6, 1919, Oyster Bay, New York

Went by the names Teddy Roosevelt and TR; 26th president of the United States (1901–09), writer, naturalist, and soldier. He expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government in support of the public interest in conflicts between big business and labor and steered the nation toward an active role in world politics, particularly in Europe and Asia. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War, and he secured the route and began construction of the Panama Canal (1904–14).

Roosevelt was the second of four children born into a long-established, socially prominent family of Dutch and English ancestry; his mother, Martha Bulloch of Georgia, came from a wealthy, slave-owning plantation family. In frail health as a boy, Roosevelt was educated by private tutors. From boyhood, he displayed intense, wide-ranging intellectual curiosity. He graduated from Harvard College, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, in 1880. He then studied briefly at Columbia Law School but soon turned to writing and politics as a career. In 1880 he married Alice Hathaway Lee, by whom he had one daughter, Alice. After his first wife's death, in 1886 he married Edith Kermit Carow, with whom he lived for the rest of his life at Sagamore Hill, an estate near Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. They had five children: Theodore, Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archibald, and Quentin.

As a child, Roosevelt had suffered from severe asthma, and weak eyesight plagued him throughout his life. By dint of a program of physical exertion, he developed a strong physique and a lifelong love of vigorous activity. He adopted “the strenuous life,” as he entitled his 1901 book, as his ideal, both as an outdoorsman and as a politician.

Elected as a Republican to the New York State Assembly at 23, Roosevelt quickly made a name for himself as a foe of corrupt machine politics. In 1884, overcome by grief by the deaths of both his mother and his wife on the same day, he left politics to spend two years on his cattle ranch in the Dakota Territory. Nonetheless, he did participate as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884. His attempt to re-enter public life in 1886 was unsuccessful; he was defeated in a bid to become mayor of New York City. Roosevelt remained active in politics and again battled corruption as a member of the U.S. Civil Service Commission (1889–95) and as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners. Appointed assistant secretary of the navy by President William McKinley, he vociferously championed a bigger navy and agitated for war with Spain. When war was declared in 1898, he organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders, who were sent to fight in Cuba. Roosevelt was a brave and well-publicized military leader. The charge of the Rough Riders (on foot) up Kettle Hill during the Battle of Santiago made him the biggest national hero to come out of the Spanish-American War.

On his return, the Republican bosses in New York tapped Roosevelt to run for governor, despite their doubts about his political loyalty. Elected in 1898, he became an energetic reformer, removing corrupt officials and enacting legislation to regulate corporations and the civil service. His actions irked the party's bosses so much that they conspired to get rid of him by drafting him for the Republican vice presidential nomination in 1900, assuming that his would be a largely ceremonial role.

Elected with McKinley, Roosevelt chafed at his powerless office until September 14, 1901, when McKinley died after being shot by an assassin and he became president. Six weeks short of his 43rd birthday, Roosevelt was the youngest person ever to enter the presidency. Although he promised continuity with McKinley's policies, he transformed the public image of the office at once. He renamed the executive mansion the White House and threw open its doors to entertain cowboys, prizefighters, explorers, writers, and artists. His refusal to shoot a bear cub on a 1902 hunting trip inspired a toy maker to name a stuffed bear after him, and the teddy bear fad soon swept the nation. His young children romped on the White House lawn, and the marriage of his daughter Alice in 1905 to Representative Nicholas Longworth of Ohio became the biggest social event of the decade.

From what he called the presidency's “bully pulpit,” Roosevelt gave speeches aimed at raising public consciousness about the nation's role in world politics, the need to control the trusts that dominated the economy, the regulation of railroads, and the impact of political corruption. He appointed young, college-educated men to administrative positions. But active as he was, he was cautious in his approach to domestic affairs. Roosevelt recognized that he had become president by accident, and he wanted above all to be elected in 1904. Likewise, as sensitive as he was to popular discontent about big business and political machines, he knew that conservative Republicans who were bitterly opposed to all reforms controlled both houses of Congress. Roosevelt focused his activities on foreign affairs and used his executive power to address problems of business and labor and the conservation of natural resources.

Above all, Roosevelt relished the power of the office and viewed the presidency as an outlet for his unbounded energy. He was a proud and fervent nationalist who willingly bucked the passive Jeffersonian tradition of fearing the rise of a strong chief executive and a powerful central government. “I believe in a strong executive; I believe in power,” he wrote to British historian Sir George Otto Trevelyan. “While President, I have been President, emphatically; I have used every ounce of power there was in the office. ... I do not believe that any President ever had as thoroughly good a time as I have had, or has ever enjoyed himself as much.”

Despite his caution, Roosevelt managed to do enough in his first three years in office to build a platform for election in his own right. In 1902 he cajoled Republican conservatives into creating the Bureau of Corporations with the power to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce but without regulatory powers. He also resurrected the nearly defunct Sherman Antitrust Act by bringing a successful suit to break up a huge railroad conglomerate, the Northern Securities Company. Roosevelt pursued this policy of “trust-busting” by initiating suits against 43 other major corporations during the next seven years.

Also in 1902 Roosevelt intervened in the anthracite coal strike when it threatened to cut off heating fuel for homes, schools, and hospitals. The president publicly asked representatives of capital and labor to meet in the White House and accept his mediation. He also talked about calling in the army to run the mines, and he got Wall Street investment houses to threaten to withhold credit to the coal companies and dump their stocks. The combination of tactics worked to end the strike and gain a modest pay hike for the miners. This was the first time that a president had publicly intervened in a labor dispute, at least implicitly, on the side of workers. Roosevelt characterized his actions as striving toward a "Square Deal" between capital and labor, and those words became his campaign slogan in the 1904 election.

Once he won that election—overwhelmingly defeating the Democratic contender Alton B. Parker by 336 to 140 electoral votes—Roosevelt put teeth into his Square Deal programs. He pushed Congress to grant powers to the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate interstate railroad rates. The Hepburn Act of 1906 conveyed those powers and created the federal government's first true regulatory agency. Also in 1906, Roosevelt pressed Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection acts, which created agencies to assure protection to consumers. The “muckrakers,” investigative journalists of the era, had exposed the squalid conditions of food-processing industries.

Roosevelt's boldest actions came in the area of natural resources. At his urging, Congress created the Forest Service (1905) to manage government-owned forest reserves, and he appointed a fellow conservationist, Gifford Pinchot, to head the agency. Simultaneously, Roosevelt exercised existing presidential authority to designate public lands as national forests in order to make them off-limits to commercial exploitation of lumber, minerals, and waterpower. Roosevelt set aside almost five times as much land as all of his predecessors combined, 194 million acres.

Roosevelt believed that nations, like individuals, should pursue the strenuous life and do their part to maintain peace and order, and he believed that “civilized” nations had a responsibility for stewardship of “barbarous” ones. He knew that taking on the Philippine Islands as an American colony after the Spanish-American War had ended America's isolation from international power politics—a development that he welcomed. Every year he asked for bigger appropriations for the army and navy. Congress cut back on his requests, but by the end of his presidency he had built the U.S. Navy into a major force at sea and reorganized the army along efficient, modern lines.

Several times during Roosevelt's first years in office, European powers threatened to intervene in Latin America, ostensibly to collect debts owed them by weak governments there. To meet such threats, he framed a policy statement in 1904 that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would not only bar outside intervention in Latin American affairs but would also police the area and guarantee that countries there met their international obligations. In 1905, without congressional approval, Roosevelt forced the Dominican Republic to install an American "economic advisor," who was in reality the country's financial director.

Quoting an African proverb, Roosevelt claimed that the right way to conduct foreign policy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick.” Roosevelt resorted to big-stick diplomacy most conspicuously in 1903, when he helped Panama to secede from Colombia and gave the United States a Canal Zone. Construction began at once on the Panama Canal, which Roosevelt visited in 1906, the first president to leave the country while in office. He considered the construction of the canal, a symbol of the triumph of American determination and technological know-how, his greatest accomplishment as president. As he later boasted in his autobiography, “I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me.” Other examples of wielding the big stick came in 1906 when Roosevelt occupied and set up a military protectorate in Cuba and when he put pressure on Canada in a boundary dispute in Alaska.

Roosevelt showed the soft-spoken, sophisticated side of his diplomacy in dealing with major powers outside the Western Hemisphere. In Asia he was alarmed by Russian expansionism and by rising Japanese power. In 1904–05 he worked to end the Russo-Japanese War by bringing both nations to the Portsmouth Peace Conference and mediating between them. More than just to bring peace, Roosevelt wanted to construct a balance of power in Asia that might uphold U.S. interests. In 1907 he defused a diplomatic quarrel caused by anti-Japanese sentiment in California by arranging the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement, which restricted Japanese immigration. In another informal executive agreement, he traded Japan's acceptance of the American position in the Philippines for recognition by the United States of the Japanese conquest of Korea and expansionism in China. Contrary to his bellicose image, Roosevelt privately came to favor withdrawal from the Philippines, judging it to be militarily indefensible, and he renounced any hopes of exerting major power in Asia.

During his second term Roosevelt increasingly feared a general European war. He saw British and U.S. interests as nearly identical, and he was strongly inclined to support Britain behind the scenes in diplomatic controversies. In secret instructions to the U.S. envoys to the Algeciras Conference in 1906, Roosevelt told them to maintain formal American non-involvement in European affairs but to do nothing that would imperil existing Franco-British understandings, the maintenance of which was “to the best interests of the United States.” Despite his bow toward non-involvement, Roosevelt had broken with the traditional position of isolation from affairs outside the Western Hemisphere. At Algeciras, U.S. representatives had attended a strictly European diplomatic conference, and their actions favored Britain and France over Germany.

The end of Roosevelt's presidency was tempestuous. From his bully pulpit, he crusaded against “race suicide,” prompted by his alarm at falling birth rates among white Americans, and he tried to get the country to adopt a simplified system of spelling. Especially after a financial panic in 1907, his already strained relations with Republican conservatives in Congress degenerated into a spiteful stalemate that blocked any further domestic reforms. Roosevelt also moved precipitously and high-handedly to punish a regiment of some 160 African American soldiers, some of whom had allegedly engaged in a riot in Brownsville, Texas, in which a man was shot and killed. Although no one was ever indicted and a trial was never held, Roosevelt assumed all were guilty and issued a dishonorable discharge to every member of the group, depriving them of all benefits; many of the soldiers were close to retirement and several held the Medal of Honor. When Congress decried the president's actions Roosevelt replied, “The only reason I didn't have them hung was because I could not find out which ones ... did the shooting.” This incident, along with his establishment of independent agencies within the executive branch and his bypassing of Congress and expanded use of executive orders to set aside public lands beyond the reach of the public, is why some historians see in Roosevelt's presidency the seeds of abuse that flowered in the administrations of later 20th-century presidents. Roosevelt's term ended in March 1909, just four months after his 50th birthday.

Immediately upon leaving office, Roosevelt embarked on a 10-month hunting safari in Africa and made a triumphal tour of Europe. On his return he was drawn back into politics. For a while, he tried not to take sides between progressive Republicans who supported his policies and those backing President William Howard Taft. Although Taft was Roosevelt's friend and hand-picked successor, he sided with the party's conservatives and worsened the split in the party. Both policy differences and personal animosity eventually impelled Roosevelt to run against Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. When that quest failed, he bolted to form the Progressive Party, nicknamed the Bull Moose Party—in a letter to political kingmaker Mark Hanna, Roosevelt had once said “I am as strong as a bull moose and you can use me to the limit.” In the presidential campaign as the Progressive candidate, Roosevelt espoused a "New Nationalism" that would inspire greater government regulation of the economy and promotion of social welfare. Roosevelt spoke both from conviction and in hopes of attracting votes from reform-minded Democrats. This effort failed, because the Democrats had an attractive, progressive nominee in Woodrow Wilson, who won the election with an impressive 435 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 88. Roosevelt had been shot in the chest by a fanatic while campaigning in Wisconsin, but he quickly recovered.

Since the Progressive Party had managed to elect few candidates to office, Roosevelt knew that it was doomed, and he kept it alive only to bargain for his return to the Republicans. In the meantime, he wrote his autobiography and went on an expedition into the Brazilian jungle, where he contracted a near-fatal illness. When World War I broke out in 1914, he became a fierce partisan of the Allied cause. Although he had some slight hope for the 1916 Republican nomination, he was ready to support almost any candidate who opposed Wilson; he abandoned the Progressives to support the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, who lost by a narrow margin. After the United States entered the war his anger at Wilson boiled over when his offer to lead a division to France was rejected. His four sons served in combat; two were wounded, and the youngest, Quentin, was killed when his airplane was shot down. By 1918 Roosevelt's support of the war and his harsh attacks on Wilson reconciled Republican conservatives to him, and he was the odds-on favorite for the 1920 nomination. But he died in early January 1919, less than three months after his 60th birthday.

Theodore married Edith Kermit Carow-[18553] [MRIN:6351] on 12-2-1886 in London, England. Edith was born on 8-6-1861 in Norwich, Connecticut and died on 9-30-1948 in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York at age 87.

General Notes: born August 6, 1861, Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.
died September 30 1948, Oyster Bay, New York

Edith Kermit Carow, American first lady (1901–09), the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of the United States. She was noted for institutionalizing the duties of the first lady and refurbishing the White House.

Edith Carow, the daughter of Charles Carow, a wealthy shipping magnate, and Gertrude Tyler Carow, knew her future husband, Theodore Roosevelt, from her early childhood. In his youth, Edith's father had traveled in Europe with Theodore's father, and after both men married their families continued to see each other socially. Edith grew up near the Roosevelt home in New York City, and she was especially close to Theodore's younger sister, Corinne, with whom she began attending a school for girls in 1871. Edith became an avid and discerning reader, and Theodore later boasted that her taste in literature was superior to his.

As the Carow family shipping fortune declined, Edith and her younger sister, Emily, found themselves in reduced circumstances, and they resided briefly with wealthy relatives of their mother. The family's financial difficulties, along with her father's excessive drinking, caused Edith considerable discomfort, and to shield herself from hurt she became an intensely private person.

While still in their early teens, Edith and Theodore developed a romantic relationship, but the romance ended abruptly, for reasons not entirely clear, while he was a student at Harvard. Not long afterward, Theodore began courting Alice Hathaway Lee, and they were married just months after he graduated in 1880. Edith attended the Boston wedding as a family friend, and she continued to see Theodore and his bride socially.

Alice Lee Roosevelt died in February 1884, soon after giving birth to a daughter, Alice Roosevelt. The distraught widower fled to his ranch in the Badlands of the Dakotas, leaving his child with his older sister in New York, and he and Edith did not see each other for some time. On one of his trips to New York he and Edith accidentally met, and their truncated teenage romance resumed. Theodore began seeing Edith privately, and on November 17, 1885, she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place in London, where the Carow women were trying to economize by living abroad, on December 2, 1886.

After a long European honeymoon, Edith and Theodore returned to live at the house that he had begun constructing for his first wife near Oyster Bay, Long Island. Formerly called Leeholm (the name chosen by his first wife), it was renamed Sagamore Hill and became the favored family retreat and Edith's principal residence for the rest of her life. She gave birth to five children (four sons and one daughter) between 1887 and 1897 and suffered at least one miscarriage. Soon after their marriage, they resumed custody of Theodore's daughter Alice.

The Roosevelts lived in Washington, D.C., in 1889–95, when Theodore was chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, and again in 1897–98, when he was assistant secretary of the navy. Edith's introduction to Washington society gave her valuable preparation for her future job as first lady. While in Washington she also developed a network of literary companions, including the hard-to-please Henry Adams, author of one of the great autobiographies of Western literature and descendant of presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. While Theodore was governor of New York (1899–1901), she presided over the large Executive Mansion in Albany, where she acquired the technique of distancing herself from callers at official receptions by using a hand-held bouquet as an attractive shield. Theodore was elected vice president in 1900 and became president on September 14, 1901, upon the death of President William McKinley by an assassin's bullet.

Once in the White House, Edith Roosevelt made her mark in several ways. In order to create more living space for her large family, she and the president arranged for the construction of a new West Wing to house the presidential offices, which until then had shared the second floor with the family living quarters. Many other presidential families had complained about the lack of space in the White House, but no one had come up with an acceptable solution—until the Roosevelts. In 1902 Theodore officially renamed the mansion the White House.

Edith also redesigned the interior of the mansion, working with the architectural firm of McKim Mead & White. A large staircase was removed on the main floor, making possible a much enlarged State Dining Room, and all the formal rooms were redecorated in the elegant, classically simple lines and colors that they retained for the next century. The new style marked a big change from the ornate, dark velvets and fringes of the late nineteenth century, which Edith's stepdaughter Alice wittily described as “late General Grant and early Pullman.” In keeping with her belief that the White House was a national treasure, Edith arranged for two important displays. On the ground floor, she directed the hanging of portraits of first ladies—“all the ladies...including myself,” she stipulated—and nearby she exhibited an enlarged collection of presidential china.

Edith changed the job of first lady in other ways, not all of them permanent. Even before moving into the White House she had hired a social secretary to help with official mail, and after Theodore became president the secretary's job expanded to include communicating with the press, issuing official information on the family as Edith directed, and serving as a conduit for news about official functions. Subsequent first ladies followed Edith's lead, and the social secretary became a valued part of the White House staff. Edith's other innovation, a regular meeting with the wives of Cabinet members to discuss moral standards and the appropriate level of spending on parties, struck some people as intrusive.

After she left the White House in 1909 Edith traveled widely but retained her home at Sagamore Hill. Following Theodore's death in 1919, she did more traveling, visiting Europe as well as South America, Africa, and Asia. Although she took few political stands, she appeared at the Republican National Convention in Madison Square Garden in 1932 to endorse fellow Republican Herbert Hoover in his presidential campaign against Franklin Roosevelt, who was married to Theodore's niece Eleanor Roosevelt.

Edith Kermit Roosevelt (as she signed her name) died at Sagamore Hill and was buried in the family plot at the cemetery nearby. Not everyone would have agreed with the White House aide who said that as first lady “she never made a mistake,” but her organizational skills served her well, and she is usually ranked in the top third of all those who held that job.

767. Henry (Black Horse Harry) Lee-[12922] (Henry (Light Horse Harry) Lee⁵⁹¹, Henry Lee⁴⁵⁰, Mary Bland³⁷⁷, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1787 in Startford Hall, Northumberland, Virginia and died on 1-30-1838 in Paris, Frances at age 51.

General Notes: He inherited Stratford Hall when he became of age in 1809 and was the last master of Stratford. After the death of his granddaughter in 1820, he had an affair with his sister-in-law, Elizabeth (his ward). Her new guardian sued him on Elizabeth's behalf. Henry was financially ruined and was forced to sell Stratford Plantation. The sale took place June 27, 1822. He and wife Anne moved to Paris, France about 1829 where he wrote a number of books.

Henry married Elizabeth McCarty-[12925] [MRIN:4296]. Elizabeth was born in 1796 in Virginia and died in 1879 in Stratford Hall, Virginia at age 83.

General Notes: Went to live at Stratford Hall with her sister Anne. She later had an affair with Harry Lee, her sister's husband, after the death of his daughter. The affair produced a child that died at birth. Later she married Henry Storke in 1826 and persuaded him to buy Stratford Hall. She lived there, dressed always in black from 1829 until her death fifty years later.

Henry next married Anne Robinson McCarty-[12923] [MRIN:4290] on 3-29-1817 in Virginia. Anne was born in 1798 in Virginia and died on 8-27-1840 in Passy, France at age 42.

General Notes: After the death of her daughter she became dependent on morphine. When the scandal broke concerning her husband's infidelity and the sale of Stratford, Anne left her husband and moved to Tennessee. There she cured herself of the habit of using drugs. In 1827 - 1828 she and Henry reunited and later settled in Paris, France.

819 F i. Daughter Lee-[12924] was born in 1818 in Stratford Plantation, Virginia and died in 1820 in Startford Hall, Northumberland, Virginia at age 2.

773. Robert Edward Lee-[12905] (Henry (Light Horse Harry) Lee⁵⁹¹, Henry Lee⁴⁵⁰, Mary Bland³⁷⁷, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 1-19-1807 in Stratford Hall, Virginia, died on 10-12-1870 in Lexington, Virginia at age 63, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

General Notes: CSA General Robert E. Lee, eventually becoming the general in charge of all Confederate forces.

Robert E. Lee was born 1807 in Virginia, the son of Light Horse Harry Lee, famous for his conduct in the Southern Campaign in the Revolutionary War. (Guilford Courthouse, Battle of - - District 96 campaign)

Robert E. Lee was educated at West Point graduating in 1827 second in his class. Eventually he was appointed Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. He was commanding in Texas in 1860. Later he was offered command of the Union forces by Lincoln but declined, remaining loyal to Virginia although it is reported that he was not favorably disposed to the secession movement. Midway into the war, Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy appointed Lee commander of all CSA military forces.

________________________________

ROBERT EDWARD LEE was born January 19, 1807 to Light Horse Harry and Ann Carter. He was the last of the Lees born at Stratford Hall to reach maturity. He lived there for only four years. His father, Light Horse Harry Lee died when he was eleven years old.

Robert E. Lee's decision to enter West Point was one of poor finances, he had no money. He wanted to attend Harvard. He entered West Point at age eighteen. At West Point he graduated second in his class having not received a single demerit during his four years, a notable achievement. By June 30, 1831 he was serving at Fort Monroe, Virginia as a Second Lieutenant. There he married Mary Ann Custis of Arlington. She was an only daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of Martha Washington, the adopted daughter of George Washington. The couple moved into Arlington, the Custis house across the Potomac from Washington D. C.

He was promoted to First Lieutenant in 1836, Captain in 1838. He was wounded in the storming of Chapultepec in 1847. He became Superintendent of the U. S. Military Academy and was later appointed Colonel of Cavalry. He was in command of Texas by 1860. On the eve of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln offered him command of the Union Army, and while he was opposed to secession and slavery, Virginia had the stronger pull. He resigned his commission in the U. S. Army three days after Virginia withdrew from the Union.

Robert married Mary Anne Randolph Custis-[12906] [MRIN:4294] on 6-30-1831 in Arlington, Virginia. Mary was born on 10-1-1808 in Arlington, Virginia and died on 11-5-1873 in Lexington, Virginia at age 65.

820 M i. George Washington Custis Lee-[12915] was born on 9-16-1832 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia, died on 2-18-1913 in Ravensworth, Fairfax, Virginia at age 80, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

General Notes: 1st in his class at West Point, 1854. Major General in the CSA. Saw action just prior to the surrender at Appomattox.

821 F ii. Mary Custis Lee-[12916] was born on 7-12-1835 and died on 11-22-1918 at age 83.

823 F iv. Anne Carter Lee-[12918] was born on 6-18-1839 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia, died on 10-20-1862 in Jones Spring, North Carolina at age 23, and was buried in Lexington, Virginia.

824 F v. Agnes Lee-[12913] was born in 1841 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia, died on 10-15-1873 in Lexington, Virginia at age 32, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

825 F vi. Eleanor Agnes Lee-[12919] was born in 1841 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia and died in 1873 in Lexington, Virginia at age 32.

+ 826 M vii. Robert Edward Lee-[12914] was born on 10-27-1843 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia, died in 1914 at age 71, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

827 F viii. Mildred Childe Lee-[12920] was born in 2-1846 in Arlington Plantation, Virginia, died in 1905 in Ravensworth, Arlington, Virginia at age 59, and was buried in Washington And Lee University Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia.

793. James Bradshaw Beverley-[23531] (Hon. Robert Beverley⁶¹¹, Robert Beverley⁴⁵⁷, Elizabeth Bland³⁷⁸, Elizabeth Randolph³⁴¹, Col. William Randolph³¹⁵, Sir Richard Randolph²⁸⁹, Dorothy Lane²⁷¹, Elizabeth Vincent²⁵⁴, Anne Tanfield²³⁷, Francis Tanfield Esq.²²⁰, William Tanfield²⁰², Katherine Neville¹⁸⁶, Baron Edward de Neville¹⁶³, Joan de Beaufort¹⁴¹, Duke John of Lancaster "of Gaunt"¹¹⁴, King Edward Plantagenet III⁹⁵, King Edward Plantagenet II⁸², King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born in 1797 in Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia and died on 6-15-1853 in Selma, Loudon County, Virginia at age 56.

James married Jane Johns Peters-[23532] [MRIN:7950], daughter of David Peters-[23541] and Sarah Jones-[23542], on 5-6-1819 in Peter's Grove, Georgetown, D.C. Jane was born on 11-30-1800 and died in 2-1863 in Ivon, Loudon County, Virginia at age 62.

828 F i. Sarah Jane Beverley-[23543] was born on 6-22-1820 in Acrolophos, Georgetown, D.C. and died on 2-20-1865 in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia at age 44.

Sarah married Edward Carter Turner-[16391] [MRIN:7955], son of Maj. Thomas Turner-[16379] and Eliza Carter Randolph-[16371], on 10-21-1840. Edward was born on 8-5-1816 in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia, died about 1891 in Fauquier County, Virginia about age 75, and was buried in Kinloch, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia.

829 M ii. Col. Robert Beverley-[23545] was born on 7-4-1822 in Acrolophos, Georgetown, D.C. and died on 5-31-1901 in Avenel, Fauquier County, Virginia at age 78.

Robert married Jane Eliza Carter-[23546] [MRIN:7956], daughter of John Hill Carter-[23547] and Susan Baynton Turner-[23548], on 6-18-1843.

830 F iii. Rebecca Beverley-[23549] was born on 11-18-1823 and died on 8-31-1897 in Roland, Fauquier County, Virginia at age 73.

Rebecca married Thomas Henderson-[23550] [MRIN:7958], son of Richard Henderson-[23551] and Orra Moore-[23552], on 9-17-1844.

831 F iv. Elizabeth Beverley-[23553] was born on 9-10-1825 in Avenel, Fauquier County, Virginia, died on 12-31-1894 in Alexandria County, Virginia at age 69, and was buried in Episcopal Cemetery, Alexandria, Virginia.

Elizabeth married Gen. Montgomery Dent Corse-[23554] [MRIN:7960], son of John Corse-[23555] and Julia Granville-[23556], on 11-22-1862.

832 M v. William Beverley-[23557] was born on 1-1-1829 in Selma, Loudoun County, Virginia and died on 1-10-1879 in Fountian Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia at age 50.

833 F vi. Mary Beverley-[23559] was born on 1-6-1831 and died on 4-17-1915 in Ivon, Loudoun County, Virginia at age 84.

Mary married Capt. Arthur Mason Chichester-[23560] [MRIN:7963], son of George Mason Chichester-[23561] and Mary Bowie-[23562], on 10-25-1854.

804. Pheobe Millard-[19058] (Tabitha Hopkins⁷⁴³, Susannah Messenger⁵⁶³, Lydia Royce⁴²⁵, Hannah Morgan³⁵¹, James Morgan³²², Elizabeth Morgan²⁹⁵, Sir William Morgan²⁷², Thomas Morgan²⁵⁵, Rowland Morgan²³⁸, Elizabeth Vaughan²²¹, Joan (Jean) Whitney²⁰³, Constance Tuchet¹⁸⁷, Eleanor of Holland¹⁶⁴, Earl Edmund of Holland III¹⁴⁶, Thomas de Holand II¹²², Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid"⁹⁹, Earl Edmund of Woodstock⁸³, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 8-12-1781 in Pittsfield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts and died on 4-2-1831 in Locke, Cayuga, New York at age 49.

Pheobe married Nathaniel Fillmore-[19059] [MRIN:6547] in 1796 in Bennington, Vermont. Nathaniel was born on 4-19-1771 in Bennington, Vermont and died on 3-28-1863 in Aurora, New York at age 91.

834 M i. 13th President Millard Fillmore-[19060] was born on 1-7-1800 in Locke, New York and died on 3-8-1874 in Buffalo, New York at age 74.

General Notes: born Jan. 7, 1800, Locke Township, N.Y., U.S.
died March 8, 1874, Buffalo, N.Y.

13th president of the United States (served 1850–53), whose insistence on federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 alienated the North and led to the destruction of the Whig Party. Elected vice president in 1848, he became chief executive on the death of President Zachary Taylor (July 1850).

Fillmore was born in a log cabin to a poor family and was apprenticed to a wool carder at age 15. He received little formal education until he was 18,when he managed to obtain six consecutive months of schooling. Shortly afterward he secured his release from apprenticeship and started work in a law office, and in 1823 he was admitted to the bar. He married his first wife, Abigail Powers, in 1826.

Fillmore entered politics in 1828 as a member of the democratic and libertarian Anti-Masonic Movement and Anti-Masonic Party. In 1834 he followed his political mentor, Thurlow Weed, to the Whigs and was soon recognized as an outstanding leader of the party's Northern wing. Following three terms in the New York state assembly (1829–32), he was elected to Congress (1833–35, 1837–43), where he became a devoted follower of Senator Henry Clay. Losing the New York gubernatorial election in 1844, he was easily elected the first state comptroller three years later. At the national Whig convention in 1848, Zachary Taylor, hero of the Mexican War (1846–48), was nominated for president and Fillmore for vice president, largely through Clay's sponsorship.

Fillmore believed that Whig success at the polls heralded the rise of a truly national party that would occupy a middle ground between sectional extremists of both North and South. This outlook was embodied in Clay's Compromise of 1850, which sought to appease both sides on the slavery issue. Fillmore, though personally opposed to slavery, supported the compromise as necessary to preserving the Union. When the legislation was finally passed two months after Taylor's death, the new President Fillmore felt obligated to respect the provision that required the federal government to aid in the capture and return of runaway slaves to their former owners (the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850), and he publicly announced that, if necessary, he would call upon the military to aid in the enforcement of this statute. Although this section of the compromise assuaged the South and had the effect of postponing the Civil War for 10 years, it also meant political death for Fillmore because of its extreme unpopularity in the North.

Fillmore was an early champion of American commercial expansion in the Pacific, and in 1853 he sent a fleet of warships, under the command of Commodore Matthew C. Perry, to Japan to force its shogunate government to alter its traditional isolationism and enter into trade and diplomatic relations with the United States. The resulting Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) led to similar agreements between Japan and other Western powers and marked the beginning of Japan's transformation into a modern state.

In 1852 Fillmore was one of three presidential candidates of a divided Whig Party in its last national election, which it lost. He ran again in 1856 as the candidate of the Know-Nothing party (also known as the American Party), finishing third behind Democrat James Buchanan and Republican John C. Fremont. Fillmore then retired to Buffalo, where he became a leader in the city's civic and cultural life. In 1858, some five years after the death of his wife Abigail, he married Caroline Carmichael McIntosh.

Millard married Abigail Powers-[19061] [MRIN:6548] on 2-5-1826 in Monrovia, New York. Abigail was born in 1798 in Saratoga County, New York and died on 3-30-1853 in Buffalo, New York at age 55.

General Notes: born March 13, 1798, Stillwater, New York, U.S.
died March 30, 1853, Washington, D.C.

Abigail Powers, American first lady (1850–53), the wife of Millard Fillmore, 13th president of the United States.

The last of the first ladies born in the 1700s, Abigail Powers was the daughter of Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland Powers. Her parents placed great importance on education, and Abigail, the youngest of seven children, developed an early interest in books. By age 16 she was teaching at a school in New Hope, New York, where Millard Fillmore was one of her students. Two years her junior, he came from circumstances even more modest than hers, but they shared a strong desire for learning.

After their marriage on February 5, 1826, Abigail supplemented the couple's income by continuing to teach, making her the first president's wife to work outside the home following marriage. Early in 1830 they moved to Buffalo, New York, where their home, with its large library, became a favorite gathering place for local intellectuals. As Millard's political career took him to the state assembly in Albany and then to Congress in Washington, D.C., Abigail often traveled with him, leaving their two children in Buffalo. An avid reader, she took advantage of these visits to discuss politics with him and their friends.

By the time Millard became vice president in 1849, Abigail's health had deteriorated, and she remained in Buffalo. Although she suffered headaches, rheumatism, and other maladies, she followed his work through letters and newspapers. After he became president in July 1850 following the death of President Zachary Taylor, she and their children moved to Washington, where their teenage daughter Mary often replaced her mother as hostess. Abigail preferred to spend her time reading, studying French, and playing the piano rather than greeting callers or standing in reception lines. Disappointed to find that the White House had no library, she persuaded Congress to appropriate money to start one.

Abigail's premonition that she would not live long proved true. She died as a result of the cold she caught during the inauguration of Franklin Pierce, her husband's successor. She was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, where her husband was also buried after his death in 1874.

Millard next married Caroline Michael MacIntosh-[19062] [MRIN:6549] about 1858.

805. Amos Griffith-[19005] (Lydia Hussey⁷⁴⁴, Miriam Harry⁵⁶⁴, John Harry⁴²⁶, Hugh Harry³⁵², Harry Thomas Owen³²³, Thomas Owen²⁹⁶, Elizabeth Pugh²⁷³, Gaynor Thomas²⁵⁶, Jane Puleston²³⁹, Sir John Puleston²²², Eleanor Whitney²⁰⁴, Constance Tuchet¹⁸⁷, Eleanor of Holland¹⁶⁴, Earl Edmund of Holland III¹⁴⁶, Thomas de Holand II¹²², Countess Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid"⁹⁹, Earl Edmund of Woodstock⁸³, King Edward I Plantagenet "Longshanks"⁷², King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born c1798 and died in 1871 at age 73.

Amos married Edith Price-[19006] [MRIN:6522] in 1820. Edith was born in 1801 and died in 1873 at age 72.

+ 835 F i. Elizabeth Price Griffith-[19007] was born on 4-28-1827 in West Pike Run, Washington County, Pennsylvania and died on 5-3-1923 in Whittier, California at age 96.

806. Capt Noah Grant Jr-[18617] (Noah Grant⁷⁴⁵, Samuel Grant Jr⁵⁶⁵, Mary Porter⁴²⁷, Anna Rosanna White³⁵³, Robert White V³²⁴, Robert White IV²⁹⁷, Richard White²⁷⁴, Thomas White²⁵⁷, Robert White III²⁴⁰, Sir Robert White II²²³, Alice Hungerford²⁰⁶, Baronesse Margaret de Botreaux¹⁸⁸, Elizabeth de Beaumont¹⁶⁵, John de Beaumont¹⁴⁸, Henry de Beaumont¹²⁵, Eleanor of Lancaster¹⁰⁰, Earl Henry Plantagenet⁸⁶, Earl Edmund Plantagenet "Crouchback"⁷³, King Henry III Plantagenet⁶⁹, King John Plantagenet "Lackland"⁶⁶, King Henry II Plantagenet "Curtmantle"⁵², Queen Matilda Adelaide of England⁴⁵, Henry I (King)²¹, William I "the Conqueror" (King)¹¹, Robert I "The Magnificent" (Duke)⁶, Richard "the Good" II (Duke)³, Richard I "The Fearless" (Duke)², William I "Longsword" (Duke)¹) was born on 7-12-1719 and died after 9-20-1756.

Noah married Susannah Delano-[18618] [MRIN:6384] on 11-5-1746 in Tolland, Connecticut. Susannah was born on 6-23-1724 in Tolland, Connecticut and died on 8-16-1806 in Coventry, Connecticut at age 82.

+ 836 M i. Capt. Noah Grant III-[18619] was born on 6-20-1748 in Tolland, Connecticut and died on 2-14-1819 in Marysville, Kentucky at age 70.

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